http://www.empactamerica.org/ICMDroot/English/links/links.aspThese links provide a variety of perspectives on EMP risk and response options, and are provided for informational purposes alone.EMPACT America Inc. is not responsible for the accuracy of the information, or for the views and opinions expressed on these sites nor for any advertising found therein.Select Category : ** Choose Category **American Think TanksEMPACT SupportersGovernment AgenciesInfo on EMPIsraeli Defense CompaniesIsraeli Think TanksNon-governmental OrganizationsU.S. Defense CompaniesU.S. EMP CommissionU.S. EMP Commissionwww.empcommission.org/Homepage of the Congressional Commission to Assess the Threat to the USA From EMP Attack.www.empcommission.org/docs/empc_exec_rpt.pdfExecutive Report of the Congressional EMP Commission - 2004www.empcommission.org/docs/A2473-EMP_Commission-7MB.pdfEMP Commission Report on Critical National Infrastructures - April 2008Info on EMPen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulseWikipedia entry on Electromagnetic Pulse - very comprehensivewww.youtube.com/watch?v=KZoic9vg1fwDeclassified Film on the Starfish Prime High-Altitude Nuclear Test in 1962bartlett.house.gov/Issues/Issue/?IssueID=2060U.S. Congressman Roscoe Bartlett's webpage detailing his interest and activity surrounding EMP issues.EMPACT Supporterswww.elmhurstdairy.com/Elmhurst Dairy - a food-industry leader in recognizing the importance of EMP infrastructure protection.Government Agencieswww.mda.mil/mdalink/html/mdalink.htmlMissile Defense Agency - the US Department of Defense agency responsible to develop American comprehensive missile defenseAmerican Think Tankswww.nti.org/e_research/profiles/index.htmlNuclear Threat Initiative - excellent site detailing missile proliferation around the worldwww.missilethreat.com/news/200609.htmlMissile Threat.com - excellent site explaining the worldwide missile threat and the need for missile defenseThis is a WorldNetDaily printer-friendly version of the article which follows.To view this item online, visit http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?pageId=69056Thursday, July 09, 2009--------------------------------------------------------------------------------WorldNetDaily ExclusiveCongress examines EMP threatIran believed to test missiles for attack on U.S.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Posted: July 07, 200810:42 pm Easternhttp://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.printable&pageId=69056--------------------------------------------------------------------------------WorldNetDailyWASHINGTON – More than four years after a stunning report about America's vulnerability to a nuclear electromagnetic pulse attack was released to Congress, the House Armed Services Committee will hear testimony from the scientist who issued the warning and who believes Iran is pursuing such an option.William R. Graham, President Reagan's top science adviser and the chairman of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack, will update the committee Thursday morning.Graham warned in 2005 that Iran was not only covertly developing nuclear weapons, but was already testing ballistic missiles specifically designed to destroy America's technical infrastructure with the aim of neutralizing the world's lone superpower.(Story continues below)The radical Shiite regime has conducted successful tests to determine if its Shahab-3 ballistic missiles, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, can be detonated by a remote-control device while still in high-altitude flight, Graham said in his report.Graham said then there was no other plausible explanation for such tests than preparation for the deployment of electromagnetic pulse weapons – even one of which could knock out America's critical electrical and technological infrastructure, effectively sending the continental U.S. back to the 19th century with a recovery time of months or years.Iran would have that capability – at least theoretically – as soon as it has one nuclear bomb ready to arm such a missile.The stunning report was first published in Joseph Farah's G2 Bulletin, the premium, online intelligence newsletter published by WND's founder.Iran surprised intelligence analysts by describing the mid-flight detonations of missiles fired from ships on the Caspian Sea as "successful" tests. Even primitive Scud missiles could be used for this purpose. And top U.S. intelligence officials reminded members of Congress that there is a glut of these missiles on the world market. They are currently being bought and sold for about $100,000 apiece.Others agree with Graham's sobering assessment."A terrorist organization might have trouble putting a nuclear warhead 'on target' with a Scud, but it would be much easier to simply launch and detonate in the atmosphere," wrote Sen. John Kyl, R-Ariz., in the Washington Post in 2005 after reading Graham's report. "No need for the risk and difficulty of trying to smuggle a nuclear weapon over the border or hit a particular city. Just launch a cheap missile from a freighter in international waters – al-Qaida is believed to own about 80 such vessels – and make sure to get it a few miles in the air."The Iranian missile tests were more sophisticated and capable of detonation at higher elevations – making them more dangerous.Detonated at a height of 60 to 500 kilometers above the continental U.S., one nuclear warhead could cripple the country – knocking out electrical power and circuit boards and rendering the U.S. domestic communications impotent.In 2005, the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security chaired by Kyl, held a hearing on the electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, threat."An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on the American homeland, said one of the distinguished scientists who testified at the hearing, is one of only a few ways that the United States could be defeated by its enemies – terrorist or otherwise," wrote Kyl "And it is probably the easiest. A single Scud missile, carrying a single nuclear weapon, detonated at the appropriate altitude, would interact with the Earth's atmosphere, producing an electromagnetic pulse radiating down to the surface at the speed of light. Depending on the location and size of the blast, the effect would be to knock out already stressed power grids and other electrical systems across much or even all of the continental United States, for months if not years."The purpose of an EMP attack, unlike a nuclear attack on land, is not to kill people, but "to kill electrons," as Graham explained. He serves as chairman of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack and was director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.Graham told WND he could think of no other reason for Iran to be experimenting with mid-air detonation of missiles than for the planning of an EMP-style attack."EMP offers a bigger bang for the buck," he said. He also suggested such an attack makes a U.S. nuclear response against a suspected enemy less likely than would the detonation of a nuclear bomb in a major U.S. city.A 2004 report by the commission found "several potential adversaries have or can acquire the capability to attack the United States with a high-altitude nuclear weapons-generated electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A determined adversary can achieve an EMP attack capability without having a high level of sophistication.""EMP is one of a small number of threats that can hold our society at risk of catastrophic consequences," the report said. "EMP will cover the wide geographic region within line of sight to the nuclear weapon. It has the capability to produce significant damage to critical infrastructures and thus to the very fabric of U.S. society, as well as to the ability of the United States and Western nations to project influence and military power."The major impact of EMP weapons is on electronics, "so pervasive in all aspects of our society and military, coupled through critical infrastructures," explained the report."Their effects on systems and infrastructures dependent on electricity and electronics could be sufficiently ruinous as to qualify as catastrophic to the nation," Lowell Wood, acting chairman of the commission, told members of Congress.The commission report went so far as to suggest, in its opening sentence, that an EMP attack "might result in the defeat of our military forces.""Briefly, a single nuclear weapon exploded at high altitude above the United States will interact with the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetic field to produce an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation down to the Earth and additionally create electrical currents in the Earth," said the report. "EMP effects are both direct and indirect. The former are due to electrical systems, and the latter arise from the damage that 'shocked' – upset, damaged and destroyed – electronics controls then inflict on the systems in which they are embedded. The indirect effects can be even more severe than the direct effects."The EMP threat is not a new one considered by U.S. defense planners. The Soviet Union had experimented with the idea as a kind of super-weapon against the U.S."What is different now is that some potential sources of EMP threats are difficult to deter – they can be terrorist groups that have no state identity, have only one or a few weapons and are motivated to attack the U.S. without regard for their own safety," explains the commission report. "Rogue states, such as North Korea and Iran, may also be developing the capability to pose an EMP threat to the United States and may also be unpredictable and difficult to deter."Graham describes the potential "cascading effect" of an EMP attack. If electrical power is knocked out and circuit boards fried, telecommunications are disrupted, energy deliveries are impeded, the financial system breaks down, food, water and gasoline become scarce.As Kyl put it: "Few if any people would die right away. But the loss of power would have a cascading effect on all aspects of U.S. society. Communication would be largely impossible. Lack of refrigeration would leave food rotting in warehouses, exacerbated by a lack of transportation as those vehicles still working simply ran out of gas (which is pumped with electricity). The inability to sanitize and distribute water would quickly threaten public health, not to mention the safety of anyone in the path of the inevitable fires, which would rage unchecked. And as we have seen in areas of natural and other disasters, such circumstances often result in a fairly rapid breakdown of social order.""American society has grown so dependent on computer and other electrical systems that we have created our own Achilles' heel of vulnerability, ironically much greater than those of other, less developed nations," the senator wrote. "When deprived of power, we are in many ways helpless, as the New York City blackout made clear. In that case, power was restored quickly because adjacent areas could provide help. But a large-scale burnout caused by a broad EMP attack would create a much more difficult situation. Not only would there be nobody nearby to help, it could take years to replace destroyed equipment."The commission said hardening key infrastructure systems and procuring vital backup equipment such as transformers is both feasible and – compared with the threat – relatively inexpensive."But it will take leadership by the Department of Homeland Security, the Defense Department, and other federal agencies, along with support from Congress, all of which have yet to materialize," wrote Kyl, so far the only elected official blowing the whistle this alarming development.Kyl concluded in his report: "The Sept. 11 commission report stated that our biggest failure was one of 'imagination.' No one imagined that terrorists would do what they did on Sept. 11. Today few Americans can conceive of the possibility that terrorists could bring our society to its knees by destroying everything we rely on that runs on electricity. But this time we've been warned, and we'd better be prepared to respond."Subscribe to Joseph Farah's G2 Bulletin.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Related offers:MOST DANGEROUS NATION ON EARTH: Why America must wake up now and deal with Iran's imminent threat'Biggest threat to U.S. is nuclear terror' – Are you prepared? Get comprehensive free report now--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Previous stories:Iran '1 step' from atomic bombIranian missiles can carry nukesAhmadinejad to Iranians: Israel 'will be removed''Atomic Iran' warnings prove accurateIran leader: Islam to 'rule the world'Iran leader's messianic end-times missionIran to resume uranium enrichmentIran military journal eyes nuclear EMP attack on U.S.Iran plans to knock out U.S. with 1 nuclear bomb"No matter how paranoid you are, what they're actually doingis worse than you can possibly imagine."- RALPH J. GLEASONhttp://www.declarepeace.org.uk/captain/murder_inc/site/texts/mindcontrol-intelligence-services.htm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The capacity of the U.S. intelligence services to modify human perception and behaviour through chemical means is enormous, given their vast resources and intimate connections with drug trafficking (see DEALING IN DEATH: The CIA and the Drugs Trade). In fact it was the CIA who introduced LSD to the U.S. population in the late 1950s, while testing its potential as a "truth serum" in universities.However, there are many other disquieting methods of thought control currently being explored by covert security agencies in the West.Despite protestations by the CIA to the contrary, clandestine research into all areas of mind control and manipulation is one of their largest fields of development, and involves not only the CIA but various sinister organisations and research laboratories working on behalf of the intelligence services.Much of what follows uses information that has only recently been declassified under Freedom of Information Act appeals filed three years previously....THE CIA AND LSDThe work of various groups and individuals employed by the CIA to research mind control through the use of drugs, mirrors the notorious experiments by Nazi doctors at Dachau, who used mescaline as a means of eliminating their victims' will to resist interrogation. After World War II, a number of Nazi chemical warfare specialists went to work for the American secret services. These scientists included Karl Tauboeck, whose attempts to find a reliable "truth serum" for the CIA involved ruthless human experimentation. Karl Rarh and Hans Turit also continued their wartime experimentation with the nerve gases Tabun and Sarin (which are closely related to the Zyklon B gas used in the Nazi concentration camps) and other chemicals for the CIA.In the early 1950s, the CIA embarked on a series of mind-control and drug experiments on unwitting American and Canadian victims. Project BLUEBIRD was established in 1950 to research mind control for the CIA. The Agency contacted academics and other experts who specialised in behaviour modification. Liaison was established with the research sections of police departments and criminology laboratories. Medical practitioners, professional hypnotists arid psychiatrists were brought In as paid consultants, and various branches of the military provided assistance. Often, these arrangements involved a cover to conceal the Agency's interest in the subject.A memo, dated July 13th 1951, described BLUEBIRD's efforts as "broad and comprehensive, involving both domestic and overseas activities, and taking into consideration the programmes and objectives of other departments, principally the military services." BLUEBIRD's activities were "designed to create an exploitable alteration of personality in selected individuals". Specific targets included "potential agents, defectors, refugees, POWs" and a vague category of "others." The programme was re-christened ARTICHOKE in 1951.When the CIA had difficulties finding the ideal truth drug, agents were sent out around the world to gather samples of rare herbs and botanicals. One cocaine derivative, procaine, was injected into the frontal lobes of the brain via trephine holes drilled through the skulls of mental patients. However, repeated failure of cocaine and its derivatives led the Agency to look into heroin as a possible mind control drug. According to a CIA document dated April 26th 1952, heroin was "frequently used by police and intelligence officers on a routine basis in interrogation." CIA operatives determined that heroin and other habit-forming substances "can be useful in reverse because of the stress produced when they are withdrawn from those who are addicted to their use."The name of the programme was changed again in 1953 to MKULTRA, which primarily focused on the covert study of the hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for military or intelligence purposes as either a weapon or a tool for brainwashing.The CIA funded many individuals in the private sector on LSD research. Dr Max Rinkel, Dr Paul Hoch, Dr Joylon West, Dr Harris Isbell and Dr Carl Pfeiffer worked as contract employees for the Agency in this sphere. Like the Nazi doctors at Dachau, the CIA victimised groups of people who were unable to resist: prisoners, mental patients, foreigners, the terminally ill and ethnic minorities.One project took place at the Addiction Research Centre of the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky. This was ostensibly a place where heroin addicts could go to kick their habits, but unknown to the patients, it was in fact one of fifteen penal and mental institutions used by the CIA in its drug development programme. To conceal its role, the Agency enlisted the aid of the Navy and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) which served as conduits for channelling CIA money to Dr Harris Isbell, a research scientist who remained on the Agency's payroll for over a decade. When the CIA came across a new drug (usually supplied by U.S. pharmaceutical firms) that needed testing, they sent it to Isbell at Lexington, where an ample supply of captive human guinea pigs was available. Over 800 compounds were tested by Isbell, including LSD and a variety of hallucinogens.At the Georgetown University Hospital, Professor Charles Geschickter lent his name to a CIA research front foundation, the Geschickter Fund for Medical Research, and tested mind-control drugs on psychiatric and terminally ill cancer patients. LSD research for MKULTRA was also conducted at 44 colleges and universities in the United States in the mid-1950s.Students from Harvard and other Boston area universities were among those who were given doses of LSD through the MKULTRA programme at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, now the Massachusetts Mental Health Center. Another CIA-front organisation used for MKULTRA was the Human Ecology Fund at Madison."We have no answer to the moral issue."CIA director RICHARD HELMS, on the Agency's MKULTRA programme of illegal experimentation with mind-controlling drugs on unwitting victims. Helms ordered the destruction of MKULTRA records to prevent disclosure by investigating committees.On November 28th 1953, Frank Olson, one of the nation's top biological warfare experts, died after falling from the 13th floor of a Manhattan hotel, while CIA doctor Robert Lashbrook was "asleep" in the room. Olson was a victim of MKULTRA, murdered by the CIA because he was a security risk. Olson had told his wife that he had made a "terrible mistake" and wanted to quit his job. Congressional hearings in 1975 revealed that nine days before his death, a CIA scientist had given Olson an after-dinner drink of Cointreau that was laced with LSD. The normally cheerful researcher then sank into a deep paranoid depression and he was checked into the Statler Hilton under the supervision of Lashbrook.On the night of Olson's death, Lashbrook called neither an ambulance nor police. Instead he dialled a number on Long Island. According to the testimony of the night manager Armand Pastore, who listened in on the conversation, Lashbrook said, "Well, he's gone." The other man replied, "That's too bad," and both hung up.In July 1994, Professor of Law and Forensic Science James Starrs examined Olson's body and found evidence that he described as "sinister." There were "so many fractures in the skull that it is not possible that he received this type of injury simply from falling out of a window.... it would not be possible unless he was on a trampoline." Starrs also found no evidence of glass cuts from smashing though the window which were reported in the original autopsy.Frank Olson had worked closely with the U.S. Army's Chemical Corps' Special Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick in Maryland and the surviving records show that U.S. Army Intelligence continued to carry out LSD tests on unsuspecting victims after his death. Tests were run simulating diplomatic cocktail parties where 30 to 35 volunteers were served drinks containing LSD. Trained interrogators then tried to extract classified information about the volunteers' special duties. During the course of the "parties" the interrogators, without the knowledge of their subjects, administered additional doses of LSD. None of the volunteers gave their informed consent prior to receiving the drug and there was a deliberate attempt to deny them any information that would have permitted them to evaluate the dangers involved. According to the testimony of one of the volunteers, Charles Shirley Jr, in August 1975, the brief given to them was that if they declined to participate in the tests it would put them in immediate disfavour with their superiors.After the first phase of experiments in November 1958, a letter from the Chief of Clinical Division at Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories (EARL) in Maryland to Commanding General Army Intelligence Centre stated that all the initial work was completed with rewarding results and recommended that "actual application of the material [LSD] be utilised in real situations." It is hard to believe that such a recommendation could be given on a drug with such unpredictable and potentially dangerous results after tests on only 35 volunteers.On April 9th 1959, the Chemical Warfare Laboratory and the Intelligence Centre proposed the use of LSD overseas on "non-volunteer foreign nationals" to test its use as an aid to interrogation. This continuation of the research in foreign countries was specifically in order to do things that were forbidden by U.S. law. The U.S. Surgeon General concurred in the plan and offered "no medical objections." Thus began Operation Third Chance in Europe, the surreptitious administration of LSD to the drinks of unwitting subjects in social environments. This operation paved the way for similar experiments in the U.S. Army Pacific and elsewhere. A favourite plan of the CIA involved slipping P-1 (the codename for LSD when used operationally) to socialist or left-leaning politicians so that they would "babble incoherently and discredit themselves in public."Despite another report in 1963 recommending the termination of testing LSD on unwitting subjects, the CIA's Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Helms, continued to advocate covert testing of the drug. On the subject of moral issues in connection with these illicit human experiments, Helms commented: "We have no answer to the moral issue."Almost twenty years after the introduction of LSD, and dozens of psychological casualties later, a study by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs reported that LSD's early use by the American public began "among small groups of intellectuals at large eastern and western coast universities. It spread to undergraduate students, then to other campuses. Most often, users have been introduced to the drug by persons of higher status. Teachers have influenced students; upperclassmen have influenced lowerclassmen." Ironically, the CIA, during its MKULTRA experimentation, initiated the 1960s' psychedelic explosion.This may have been unwitting but it may also have been a deliberate effort to undermine the anti-establishment protest culture of the time. In the late 1960s and early 70s, New York biochemist Ronald Stark was one of the world's leading suppliers of LSD (which he produced at his illicit laboratories in Europe); Stark was widely suspected (as he himself claimed) of being attached to the CIA project later to be revealed as MKULTRA.The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, a hippie religious organisation based in Laguna Beach, California, supplied ample quantities of LSD to the local hippies and eventually acquired a sophisticated network of smuggling hashish and LSD to the whole United States.Billy Hitchcock served as banker for the Brotherhood, maintaining an account with Castle Bank, which had been set up by the CIA as a front for covert narcotics and money laundering operations (see DEALING IN DEATH: The CIA and the Drugs Trade). Hitchcock also poured the sum of $5 million into "litter stocks" which were associated with Mary Carter Paint Company (known later as Resorts International), which was suspected of having links to organised crime. When the company constructed a casino in the Bahamas, the star guest on opening day was none other than Richard Nixon, who was about to run for president. Strange bedfellows indeed for influential figures involved in the psychedelic movement. (In 1970 Resorts International formed a private intelligence corporation called Intertel, which was staffed largely by ex-CIA, NSA, Interpol and Justice Department officials. Intertel rented its services to a wide range of corporate clients, including ITT, McDonald's and Howard Hughes' Summa Corporation).Ronald Stark later took over Hitchcock's position of banker for the Brotherhood of Etemal Love and was involved in overseeing their LSD operation. For someone who was just known as a person helping the hippie movement, Stark kept a mysterious profile. He travelled to all the drug factories and hippie communes across the U.S., and stayed in rich hotels and private clubs, mingling with the rich and famous. He also operated a cocaine ring in the Bay Area. Since Stark took over the running of the Brotherhood, it became the single most productive manufacturer of LSD in the United States. 50 million doses (20 kilos) of the drug were mostly sold in the U.S.Stark was imprisoned in Italy from 1975 to 1979, following his involvement with a gang of drug-dealing fascist terrorists. While in jail in Bologna, he received a vast number of visitors from the British and American consulates. According to the judge who released him from prison in April 1979, "an impressive series of scrupulously enumerated proofs" showed that "from 1960 onwards, Stark belonged to the American secret services."Technically, MKULTRA was closed in 1964 but some of its programmes remained active under the name of Project MKSEARCH well into the I 970s. In 1973, tipped off about forthcoming investigations, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of all MKULTRA records. Three years later, in testimony to the Church Committee, Helms confessed that the CIA had destroyed the files "so that anybody who assisted us in the past would not be subject to follow-up questions, embarrassment if you will."The key researcher for the CIA-Army LSD tests was Dr Albert Kligman from the University of Pennsylvania. In the mid-1960s, Kligman founded the Ivy Research Laboratories (IRL), the conduit for EARL to perform experiments on humans which were not possible even under the dubious ethics of EARL's programmes. Records show that in 1971, the CIA provided Kligman with $37,000 to test a classified potentially incapacitating psycho-chemical compound known only as EA3167. Kligman tested this on human subjects, including prisoners from Holmesburg Prison in Pennsylvania.Similarly, Dr Robert Heath carried out work for the CIA at the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University in New Orleans, one of several U.S. Army research centres at which 3,000 doses of LSD were given to about 1,500 subjects in secret studies.Dr. Robert Heath, testing his "deep brain electrodes" at Tulane University, 1966.So what were the implications of LSD? The CIA sought the perfect truth serum; unsuccessful in this, the Agency then used LSD on the basis of how it could affect social and political awareness. One of the MKULTRA manuals that was destroyed at the behest of Richard Helms was entitled "Some Unpsychadelic Effects!" No-one can be sure what the CIA meant by this, but the fact remains that the new left movement that was growing in America in the 1960s was drastically disrupted by the widespread use of LSD, with millions of peace-loving youths becoming somewhat less conscious about the world around them.OTHER MKULTRA PROJECTSIn response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by John Marks in 1977, additional MKULTRA records were discovered in financial files held by the Office of Technical Services which had not been indexed under the name MKULTRA. These documents, dating back to 1963, revealed that MKULTRA was "concerned with research and development of chemical, biological and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behaviour," and that "radiation was one of the additional avenues to control human behaviour." In an undated Memorandum for the Record in MKULTRA Sub-project 86, Dr Wallace Chan proposed "radio-isotopes with predetermined half-lives, selectively implanted and/or injected; and radiologically opaque foreign bodies selectively implanted and/or injected into predetermined sites in the human body."The Canadian MKULTRA programme took place at the Allan Memorial Institute (AMI), the psychiatric wing of Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. AMI's director from 1943 to 1964 was Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron, who called his experimental techniques "depatterning" and "psychic driving." Cameron subjected his patients to heavy doses of drugs combined with electric shock treatment, technically known as Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT), but not as Cameron practised it. In standard professional ECT, the patient is given a single dose of 110 volts lasting a fraction of a second.Cameron used a dosage twenty to forty times more intense, two to three times a day, with the power turned up to 150V. The frequent screams of patients that echoed through the hospital did not deter Cameron and his associates in their attempts to "de-pattern" their subjects completely. Sometimes Cameron would combine this treatment with up to 35 days of prolonged sensory deprivation in a sealed environment. This constituted the "depatterning" phase of the treatment, at the end of which the patient's mind would be "more or less in a childlike and unconcerned state."Cameron would then attempt to reprogram his victims with his "psychic driving" techniques, which consisted of messages played on tape recorders, repeated thousands of times through headphones. Usually ten days of "negative signals," stressing the patient's presumed inadequacies, would be followed by ten days of "positive" messages, encouraging the desired behaviour. Psychic driving would take place for continuous periods of up to 16 hours per day.The CIA invited Cameron to apply for funding from the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, a CIA front. From 1957 to 1962, the Agency supported Cameron's work with grants totally $84,820. The "psychic driving" research was code-named MKULTRA Sub-project 38.Cameron, the architect of these inhuman experiments which amounted to little more than torture, was elected chairman of the American Psychiatric Association in 1952 and later became the founding chairman of the World Psychiatric Association. In 1966, he was awarded the Canadian Mental Health Award for his services to the profession. Such honours would hardly have met with the approval of the Canadian victims of the MKULTRA experiments, some of whom recently sued the CIA for irreparable mental damage.Dr. Ewen Cameron (left) receiving the Canadian Mental Health Award, 1966.A series of mind-altering drug tests and electric-shock experiments were also carried out on inmates of the Californian prisons of Vacaville and Atascadero during the 1960s. Some of these were particularly directed against gay inmates, attempting to "convert" them to heterosexuality. Blanche Wiesen Cooke, a New York history professor, has raised the question of whether AIDS may have developed as a result of such experiments.Mind control research was transferred from MKULTRA to the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in 1963, and the U.S. Army officially terminated their LSD experiments at that time. However it has recently been revealed that their British counterparts, the Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (CBDE) at Porton Down took over and continued these experiments. In 1993, Graham Pearson, the Director of CBDE, disclosed that they carried out LSD tests on 72 service volunteers, on behalf of the Ministry of Defence, between 1961 and 1972. This was the first official admission that the British government had carried out secret mind-control tests on human guinea pigs.In the early 1970s, one of MKULTRA's payrolled scientists, Dr Joylon West, was involved in planning a secret camp in California for "comparative studies.... of experimental or model programs for the alteration of undesirable behaviour" and the "study and reduction of violence." Proposed by then Governor Ronald Reagan, this centre would "predict the probability of occurrences of violence" according to ethnic population grouping. When asked how the subjects would be obtained for the experiments, Edwin Meese, Reagan's executive secretary at the time (later to become U.S. Attorney General), replied: "We'll kidnap them!" (H.W. Bowart suggests that the many cases of "alien abductions" reported [and apparently sincerely believed] by American citizens may be evidence of psychological programming experiments by the security services).The camp would "test chemical castration, psychosurgery and experimental drugs" on involuntary incarcerated people. A law would also be passed in California that would put into effect a computer filing system on "pre-delinquent children." The children would then be "treated by the camp before they could harm society." This Orwellian nightmare was stopped after the plans for the scheme leaked to the news media.MIND CONTROL AND BRAIN IMPLANTSWhen news of the existence of MKULTRA was disclosed to the public during the major investigations of the CIA in the 1970s, it was discovered that in addition to mind control through the use of drugs, other areas researched by the CIA included hypnosis, sensory deprivation, psycho-surgery, brain implants and ESP. Mystery still surrounds the area which seems to have most interested MKULTRA'S successor, the Office of Research and Development (ORD) -"psychoelectronics".In the late 1950s, a neuroscientist named Jose Delgado developed a "stimoceiver", a miniature depth electrode which can receive and transmit electronic signals over FM radio waves. By stimulating a correctly positioned stimoceiver within an individual's cranium, an outside operator could wield a surprising degree of control over the subject's responses. The most famous example of Delgado's work occurred in a Madrid bull ring. Delgado "wired" a bull before stepping into the ring entirely unprotected. The bull charged towards the doctor, then stopped just before reaching him. Delgado had halted the animal simply by pushing a button in a black box held in his hand.Delgado's human experiments demonstrated that emotions and behaviour such as rage, lust, relaxation, fear, fatigue, hallucinations etc., can be easily induced using radio stimulation by an outside operator of different points in the amygdala and hippocampus regions of the brain. The techniques could also be used to modify "unwanted" social behaviour.Speaking in 1966, Delgado asserted that his experiments "support the distasteful conclusion that motion, emotion and behaviour can be directed by electrical forces and that humans can be controlled like robots by push buttons." He even professed a day when brain control could be turned over to non-human operators by establishing two-way radio communication between the implanted brain and a computer. Work by the brothers Ralph and Robert Schwitzgebel for tracking individuals over long ranges led to the proposal of a scheme whereby miniature radio receivers are mounted on utility poles throughout a given city, thereby providing a 24-hour monitoring capability.One of the most disturbing suggestions in this area came in 1994 from Joseph Meyer of the National Security Agency, who proposed implanting roughly half of all Americans arrested (but not necessarily convicted of any crime). These "subscribers" (his term) could then be monitored continually by computer. Meyer carefully worked out the economics of his mass-implantation system and asserted that taxpayer liability should be reduced by forcing subscribers to "rent" the implant from the state. Meyer argued that implants are cheaper and more efficient than police.REMOTE MIND CONTROL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFAREAs far back as 1953, the scientist John C. Lilly was asked by the director of the National Institute of Mental Health (a regular CIA funding conduit) to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and military intelligence on his work using electrodes to stimulate the pleasure and pain centres of the brain. Lilly refused, stating in his reply: "Dr Antoine Redmond, using our techniques in Paris, has demonstrated that this method of stimulation of the brain can be applied to the human without the help of the neurosurgeon; he is doing it in his office in Paris without neurosurgical supervision. This means that anybody with the proper apparatus can carry this out on a person covertly, with no external signs that electrodes have been used on that person. I feel that if this technique got into the hands of a secret agency, they would have total control over a human being and be able to change his beliefs extremely quickly, leaving little evidence of what they had done."Unfortunately the Freedom of Information Act can only pry loose scant information on electronic mind control and most of MKULTRA's work in this area remains secret. The earliest reference to remotely-applied electronic stimulation of the brain (ESB) is a 1959 document pertaining to MKULTRA Sub-project 94 and shows that a great deal of research was carried out in this area. A 350-page CIA manual dating from 1963 asserted that the Agency had mastered a technology called RHIC-EDOM (Radio Hypnotic Intracerebral Control and Electronic Dissolution of Memory). Together, these techniques can allegedly remotely induce hypnotic trance, deliver suggestions to the subject and erase all memory for both instruction period and the act which the subject is asked to perform.During 1977 Senate hearings on CIA drug testing, Dr Sidney Gottlieb, an important MKULTRA administrator, admitted the possibility of the existence of Agency research involving hypnosis using radio beams and the use of microwaves to erase memory, alter brain functions and disrupt behaviour patterns.Early work by microwave scientist Allan H. Frey provided evidence that the perception of sound can be induced in normal and clinically deaf humans by irradiation of the head with low-density, pulse-modulated ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic radiation - a type of radio wave. It had previously been shown that UHF wavelengths smaller than 10cm could produce a heating of the skin and even cause severe burning. Since then, work by Frey and others has shown that this same microwave energy is capable of producing selective tachycardia (a speeding-up of the heart beat) and brachycardia (slowing down of the heart beat). A U.S. State Department report by G.W. Biles in 1976 suggests that it is quite possible to induce a heart attack in a person from a distance with radar, since radar uses the same pulse-modulated UHF energy that Frey had used in some of his early experiments.In 1961, Frey showed that the effect and range of auditory response to radio frequency (RF) energy could reach thousands of feet. Using a pulse-modulated transmitter, all types of biological effects could be induced on the targeted subject, including dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Even words could be sent to the brain, independent of the tympanic membrane of the ear. A new form of communications, with immense implications for the military and security services, was discovered: direct communication to the brain by radio waves. An intelligence asset, programmed by remote hypnosis, could be activated by RF means to carry out orders bypassing his or her consciousness. The hypnotic command that the target obeyed would be considered their own idea.Such operations could be carried out on the basis of a "timed hypnotic command" - using RF means, certain information could be made to appear in the target's mind at a given time in the future. A similar effect could be produced when the hypnotic suggestion is designed to be triggered by a word, a picture or other signal. "There are also means of blocking the target's access to retrieve information; by inducing amnesia it is possible to disrupt, inhibit and reconnect his or her conscious (mental) linkages at will, and thus produce contrasting effects which are of the highest value for later hypnotic commands".Similar research by Dr W. Ross Adey at the University of Southern California has shown that simply by placing subjects in an electromagnetic field, their behaviour can be altered. By directing a carrier frequency to stimulate the brain and using amplitude modulation to "shape" the wave into a mimicry of a desired EEG frequency, the mind can be externally conditioned into aversive or docile states, for example. Ideas including names can be synchronised with the feelings that the fields induce. Such devices could also have a role in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "imaginary voices" or to deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin. Adey compiled an entire library of frequencies and pulsation rates which could be used to affect the mind and nervous systems.In a rare and astonishing admission in 1963 by Dr George Estabrooks (the man who first proposed to U.S. military intelligence the potential uses of hypnosis in warfare back in the 1 940s), Estabrooks revealed that he had conducted extensive hypnosis work on behalf of the CIA, FBI and military intelligence and stated that "the key to creating an effective spy or assassin rests in... creating a multiple personality with the aid of hypnosis," a process which the doctor described as "child's play." That same year (the year of President Kennedy's assassination) Estabrooks even offered the suggestion that Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby "could very well have been performing through hypnosis."Albert Einstein conferring with naval officers in his study, Princetown, New Jersey, July 24th 1943. Einstein was involved with secret U.S. government experiments known as the 'Rainbow Project' in which the use of a very powerful electromagnetic field around an object was used to divert radar waves around it, making it radar invisible. This culminated in the test known as the 'Philadelphia Experiment' on August 12th 1943, in which the warship USS Eldridge reportedly achieved not only radar but also physical invisibility. The same research team was later involved in using electromagnetic waves for mind control experiments at Montauk Point, Long Island. Sensing the dangers of the experiments, Congress refused further approval for the work in 1967 and the project was abandoned.Some months before his death, Einstein was reported to have burned papers relating to his Unified Field Theory and its possible practical applications on the grounds that the world wasn't ready for such things and would be better off without them.In 1967 the U.S. Air Force base at Montauk Point in New York's Long Island was used for top secret experiments using a giant Sage radar that was capable of transmitting electromagnetic waves at frequencies of 425 to 450 Megahertz, the level at which it is possible to alter human thought. Some of the military technicians at the base had used the Sage radar in the 1960s and noticed how it had been possible to change the mood of the personnel on the base by changing the frequency and pulse duration of the radar. Thus, mood altering experiments were begun in earnest. One of the Montauk Project leaders, Al Bielek, later revealed that, "with no military or defence purposes to begin with, the project was only designed for controlling the minds of the population, in spite of Congress forbidding the project." At first, the focus of the experiments was a person sitting inside a shielded room. The radar reflector was angled down so that it focused on the room. The researchers observed that certain changes in frequencies and pulses "made a person sleep, cry, laugh, be agitated and so on."The experiments were then expanded to include the base personnel, then on to the townspeople in Montauk, Long Island, New Jersey, upstate New York and then Connecticut "just to see how far it could go." A special chair was designed using technology that could display what a person was thinking. It would collect the electromagnetic impulses from that person, then translate them into a understandable form. Coils, which acted as sensors, were placed around the chair, along with three receivers, six channels and a computer which would display the person's thoughts digitally on a screen. Bielek claims that the research at Montauk is still ongoing.In 1974, J. F. Schapitz filed a plan to study the effect of inducing hypnotic suggestions through radio frequencies. In his experiment, subjects were implanted with the subconscious suggestion to leave the lab and buy a particular item, the action triggered by a certain "cue" word or action. Schapitz' work was funded by the Department of Defence. Despite Freedom of Information requests, the results have never been revealed.A 1976 U.S. Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) report entitled "Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation" notes that "the potential for the development of a number of antipersonnel applications is suggested by the research published in the USSR, East Europe and the West. Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating intra-cranially can be induced by signal modulation at very low power densities."Russian scientists recently reported the following (quote): 'With the help of computer-processed frequency-modulated pulses, coding texts are being introduced into human consciousness. Programming is usually being carried out during night-time by three synchronised frequency generators situated in a city's suburbs in the course of a week. After this, the "patient" receives a coded message. This can be some specific sound but more usually it is a phone call. The call is usually made past midnight (between 12.00 p.m. and 1.00 a.m.) when human energy defences are at their lowest point, being in restoration phase. After receiving such a message, a person - against his/her will and even without conscious awareness - can take a self-destructive course of action.... In 1979, a modified generator emitter called 'Genotron' was created. The device, the size of a small saucer, is fixed on the breast of an assassin. A left wire is connected through the shirt sleeve with a feeder (the energy pumping cycle lasts seven seconds) and a right wire is connected with a control system of a 20 KWT electron ray emitter, powered by a 9V source. When a "clean elimination" of an "inconvenient" person is required, the killer walks behind the target and with the help of the ultrasound aiming device zeroes in on the victim's heart and "shoots." The result is heart defibrillation and multiple ruptures of the heart tissue.There has also been produced a car-based variety of the generator emitter which is used on the road when it is necessary to cause an auto accident. The hypnotic emitter blocks the functioning of the left brain, where the centres of rational control are situated. As a result, the driver of the tracked car loses the feeling of reality and in the euphoric state there appears a wish to increase speed beyond any limits. The result is a crash."The use of mind control weapons to cause car accidents brings to mind various incidents of people whose deaths were remarkably convenient for the powers that be. Karen Silkwood was the young American woman who died in most suspicious circumstances while she was en route to going public with the lack of safety standards at the plutonium plant at which she worked. The attempted breakout of five IRA prisoners from Whitemoor Maximum Security Prison in September 1994 led to speculation that the security services had set up the escape. The vital footage from the video recordings of the prison fences (which would have shown the prisoners receiving outside help) were mysteriously "missing." One of the prison officers who had been in the prison control room during the break-out, Marcia Whitehurst, died when her car plunged into a river near Wisbech. She was driving to court to give evidence at the trial of the prisoners and was due to be cross-examined about her entries in a log book. The police described her death as a "tragic accident." Another Whitemoor prison officer who was present in the control room, Peter Curran, disappeared when he left home to play golf. His car has never been found. His wife stated that "he was very concerned about something before he disappeared."There are also the curious events in Britain surrounding Mark Purdey, the diary farmer who opposed the British agro-chemical industry, claiming to have compelling evidence that BSE, the "mad-cow disease," was the result of organo-phosphate pesticide poisoning. Purdey's experiments, conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry in south London, confirmed that Phosmet, which contains a chemical component of the notorious drug Thalidomide, can affect the "prion protein" believed to trigger the devastating BSE brain disease. The only other countries to use Phosmet in a similar way to Britain - pouring it along the cow's spine - were France, Switzerland and Ireland, which were the other countries that had BSE. Two of the people who took Purdey's side of the argument died in mysterious circumstances. One was a solicitor, Peter Ward, who helped Purdey In a case against the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The second was a vet, Christopher Budge. Both died when their cars inexplicably left the road and crashed, Ward hitting a stone wall and Budge swerving into the path of an on-coming lorry.(Organo-phosphates, which are chemically related to nerve gas, were widely used by allied forces during the Gulf War. Their use has been linked to the debilitating Gulf War syndrome suffered by the allied troops. In March 1997 the armed forces minister Nicholas Soames admitted misleading Parliament by denying the use and known effects of organo-phosphates.)Microwave weapons have been in development for decades. A report for the U.S. Army entitled 'Analysis of Microwaves for Barrier Warfare' released under a Freedom of Information request shows that even in the early 1970s, the military were developing electromagnetic weapons: "When the beam is turned on, the person will probably fall down in pain and die in 35 seconds, If somehow he proceeds towards the friendly forces, the intensity will continue to rise and he will die before he reaches the 300m front of the barrier." Microwave and laser weapons exist that can cause "exploding eyeballs" or turn people into fireballs. A weapon that can temporarily blind or render an enemy unconscious, can with a turn of the power dial, cut them in two or "cook their internal organs." These so-called "Non Lethal Weapons," which include High Powered Microwave (HPM), infrasound, "plasma bullet guns," Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and radio frequency devices, provide "a new spectrum of options" as the Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) puts it. The weapons are so horrific that there was even debate in the Department of Defence about whether they violate treaties governing humanity in war.The CIA had a programme called Operation Pique in 1978 which included bouncing radio or microwave signals off the ionosphere to affect the mental functions of people in selected areas, including Eastern European nuclear installations. A 1985 experiment at the Midwest Research Institute in Kansas City showed that pinpoint accuracy could be achieved with behaviour-altering microwave beams, such that an individual in a room might be affected by an outside beam while another person elsewhere in the room is unaffected.The Christic Institute, a public interest law firm in the U.S., has many files from state, Senate and Congressional representatives who claim to be victims of clandestine bombardment with non-ionising radiation or microwaves.These people (nicknamed "wavies") report sudden changes in psychological states, alteration of sleep patterns, intra-cerebral voices and other sounds, and other unusual physiological effects. The number and scope of the individuals reporting such claims makes it difficult to dismiss them all out of hand as being mentally ill. The matter has been taken up in the U.S. by the Association of National Security Alumni (ANSC), after investigating the known Department of Defence and CIA interests in this field. In a briefing issued on August 19th 1992, ANSO commented on "the increasing number of persons contacting us for assistance in ending what they believe to be electronic harassment by elements of U.S. intelligence."Julianne McKinney, author of a 20-page report for ANSC, "Microwave Harassment and Mind Control Experimentation", wrote: "Four months ago, when this project commenced, we approached these complaints of government harassment and experimentation with a high degree of caution. We are no longer sceptical. The growing numbers of independent complaints and the similarities between these complaints cannot be ignored."There is now a victims group in the U.S. called Victims of Electronic Assault. In the ex-Soviet Union, political dissenters are emerging claiming to be "wavies" with the same reports as their counterparts in the U.S.In the summer of 1984, the women peace protesters camped around the U.S. air base at Greenham Common were surprised to find that the military and police personnel who had been regularly facing them across the wire disappeared at a particular time. This coincided with the appearance of new aerials on the base buildings and in the months that followed, the women began to suffer a wide variety of illnesses, with symptoms including disruption of their menstrual cycles, panic, swollen tongues, bleeding gums, headaches, voices in the head, vertigo and burns - even at night. Similar phenomena have more recently plagued the women's peace camp at Seneca in the United States. The British woman who is co-ordinating the research into this for the Greenham women has had both her car and her house shot at. In his book The Geller Effect, Uri Geller also noted the strange use of the back focus of a radar dish being used to affect the Greenham Common protesters.In addition to these cases, more and more people are turning up claiming to have had brain implants while they have been incarcerated for various reasons. A Freedom of Information request produced a 1970 NASA report on implantable biotelemetry systems, which describes the development of precisely these kinds of devices. ". it is therefore possible that the biological application of radar could be used as a weapon on an individual basis for sociological or political purposes....."The involvement of NASA in the CIA's mind control experiments has sinister implications.The CIA's research in "evoked brain potentials" (potential is used in the electrical sense, meaning voltage) had the goal of finding methods to replace both polygraphs and voice stress analysis, which are notoriously unreliable lie detectors. Evoked potential studies measure and analyse brain wave responses that result from different stimuli. Using computers, the CIA's aim was to develop these techniques into methods of mind reading and eventually, mind programming or reprogramming.By 1974 Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) had developed a computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago, the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Today, it can be the input to an EBB stimulator that uses radio frequencies. The concept of mind-reading computers is no longer science fiction.According to Ken Lawrence's testimony before Congress in 1985 on the issue of CIA campus activity, a revival of the MKULTRA programme exists at the University of Florida, where CIA-funded researchers have been carrying out "truth detector" experiments using a computer to read brain waves. Major Edward Dames of Psi-Tech said in April 1995 on NBC's 'The Other Side' programme: "The U.S. government has an electronic device which could implant thoughts in people." Dames would not comment any further.The cooking ability of microwaves is a well-known fact of everyday life. At power levels which have no heating effect, microwave radiation affects biological cells in other ways. Both American and British military security is built on a complex global system of communications links involving the widespread use of RF microwaves, including missile tracking radar and surveillance radar. These are found at American bases around the world, including the UK. The military are well aware of the adverse health effects of this and have sought to cover up deaths resulting from microwave exposure. In 1977, two army researchers published a paper showing that power levels of microwaves thousands of times below safety limits damaged the brain. This research and the debate it stimulated was stopped by the Department of Defence. Dr. Koslov at John Hopkins University attempted to restart work into this in 1986, but was unable to get funding. In 1981, U.S. Army pathologist Dr. Friedman published some preliminary findings of a study into the large number of radar operators referred to him with a rare blood disease. The army refused to publish his full report.The British ultra-secure communications network is completely independent from the British Telecom network. It ensures that the government can control the country in the event of the collapse of its authority by war or mass strike action and is based on the use of microwave communication links dotted around the country, with a higher concentration in built-up areas. The centre of research for developing this system is the Defence Research Agency's Malvern branch (formerly the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment). Since the mid-70s, eight scientists working there have died from brain tumours. Recent cases in Britain of various illnesses amongst people living near overhead power lines have added to the evidence that electromagnetic radiation is more harmful to humans than previously thought.During the Gulf War in 1991, Cruise missiles with Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) warheads were used against the Iraqis. This information was released via the American military trade publication Defence News in April 1992. The same year, the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed the development of a British microwave bomb. The EMP bomb works by "emitting a massive pulse of radio energy which would render humans unconscious by scrambling neural paths in the brain but would not cause lasting injury." In fact, evidence from research scientists exposed to EMP has shown that it can cause cancers such as myclogenous leukaemia, a fatal bone marrow disease.In 1993, residents in the Crossmaglen area of South Armagh in Northern Ireland voiced their concerns that British army surveillance equipment was linked to observed clusters and increases in cancer cases in the area. Following the deaths in 1997 of three members of the E4A undercover surveillance unit of the Special Branch (all three died of cancer of the colon), the RUC consulted the National Radiological Protection Board over concerns that their deaths might be linked to the wearing of concealed microwave equipment which is strapped to the skin beneath clothing. The RUC press office claimed that the NRPB's review was not just linked to the deaths but covered the use of all microwave equipment.SOUND WARFAREWilliam Arkin, a US consultant on the humanitarian impact of weapons and warfare, revealed in the Journal Medicine in 1998 that the United States army and airforce were developing a new generation of acoustic weapons that rupture organs, inflict burns and create cavities in human tissues. The research was so far advanced that deployment of the weapons was imminent.Such weapons can radiate a directed energy beam with an intensity varying from a 90-120 decibel low-frequency soundwave "to provide extreme levels of annoyance and distraction" through 140-150 decibels for "strong physical bodily trauma and damage to tissues", up to "shockwave" levels of over 170 decibels, producing "instantaneous blastwave-type trauma" which could be lethal.Abstracts from a US Department of Defense programme on the military's acquisition of mind control technology described the use of "a system for altering the states of human consciousness" involving "the simultaneous application of multiple stimuli, preferably sounds, having different frequencies and wave forms. Researchers have devised a variety of systems for stimulating the brain to exhibit specific brain wave rhythms and thereby alter the state of consciousness of an individual subject."Dr. Oliver Lowry, who has carried out several classified projects for the U.S. Government on what is termed by the military and intelligence services Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), sometimes called SQUAD, developed and patented a system which he described as "a silent communications system in which non-aural carriers, in the very high audio frequency range or in the adjacent ultrasonic frequency spectrum, are amplified or frequency modulated with the desired intelligence and propagated acoustically or vibrationally, for inducement into the brain. The modulated carriers may be transmitted directly in real time or may be recorded and stored on mechanical, magnetic or optical media for delayed or repeated transmission to the listener."The first known military use of the system was against Iraq during the Gulf War. Although completely silent to the human ear, the negative voice messages programmed by PsyOps psychologists were clearly perceived by the subconscious minds of Iraqi soldiers: "The silent sounds completely demoralised them and instilled a perpetual feeling of fear and hopelessness in their minds."PSYCHIC WARFAREIn the course of the MKULTRA projects, the CIA allocated some of the project's budget to study the use of mediums and called for a scientific study of the use of psychics for intelligence work. This work was set up at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Melano Park, California, whose studies in parapsychology were supported by the CIA, the Navy and the DIA. Dealing in secret high-tech defence projects, SRI was America's second largest think-tank, with over $70 million in government funding annually. The CIA's main contact in funding SRI's work was Harold Chipman, who had served in Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam.Stanford Research Institute, the base for the CIA's psychic warfare programme.In 1952, Dr Andrija Puharich presented a paper, 'An Evaluation of the Possible Uses of Extrasensory Perception (ESP) in Psychological Warfare' to a secret Pentagon gathering. Puharich's psychic research findings were in line with the CIA's current mind control work and in 1956 Puharich brought in the Israeli psychic Uri Geller to SRI. Mossad had provided SRI with an intelligence report on Geller's abilities. Geller underwent several weeks of exhaustive scientific tests at SRI, under two of the institute's chief scientists, physicists Harold Puthof and Russell Targ.The psychic Uri Geller was employed by the CIA for over twenty years. Here, Geller demonstrates his ability to erase computer tapes while specialists look on.In the early 1960s, the U.S. Air Force commissioned the American Institute for Research (AIR) to conduct a feasibility study on the development and use of psychological phenomena for warfare. AIR published their findings under the title of 'Psychological Phenomena Applicable to the Development of Psychological Weapons'.Spurred on by heavy involvement of the Soviet Union in psychic research (on which the Soviets were spending about 60 million roubles per year in 1971, increased to 300 million roubles - $450 million - in 1975), the CIA embarked on intense psychic research. SRI's Harold Puthof focused on ESP as the area most likely to give results that could be used operationally. The phenomenon was seen as a low-cost radar system; people possessing suitable extra-sensory powers could be the perfect spies.The CIA adopted a twin-track approach towards this new area of interest. Publicly, through disinformation campaigns, they endeavoured to dismiss and discredit psychic research. Secretly, they funded a series of projects on which they spent over $20 million over the next 16 years. The Soviets, aware of the U.S. policy, reacted similarly. They too publicly denied the credibility of any psychic research, imprisoned a number of researchers (particularly those involved in information exchange with their Western counterparts) and appeared to close down several research institutes.A series of 'Anomalous Mental Phenomena' programmes were carried out at SRI from 1973 to 1989 and were continued at the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1992 to 1994. A technique known as 'Sleep-Wake Hypnosis' was developed, in which a hypnotist transferred hypnotic commands telepathically to a subject, whether they were a few feet or even a thousand miles away. Psychics were trained to influence foreign leaders as they spoke to the public on the TV or radio. Some of the experiments had highly negative effects on subjects, including sickness, nervous breakdowns and even insanity. The 'Sleep-Wake Hypnosis' technique was recently demonstrated on Paul McKenna's World of the Paranormal television programme, when an Eastern European hypnotist telepathically raised and lowered the heartbeat of a subject in another room.Stanford Research Institute - now named SRI International - termed their telepathy work Remote Viewing (RV), which involved a sender transmitting messages telepathically to a receiver. Two of SRI's most important projects were Grill Flame, a multi-million dollar psychic research and development programme, started by the CIA in 1972 and now primarily run by the DIA; and SCANATE (SCANning by coordinATE), which started on May 29th 1973 and was completed in 1975. Grill Flame produced telepathic information, later confirmed by satellite, about a very sensitive nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk in Soviet Kazakhstan and which led to the location of a crashed Soviet Tu-95 'Backfire' bomber in Africa. Little else is known at present about the project.Harold Puthof, head of the CIA's Remote Viewing programme at Stanford Research Institute.In his first attempt at remote viewing a site, having been given only the geographical co-ordinates, latitude and longitude, the psychic Ingo Swann described in considerable detail what was officially described as a meteorological research installation (in fact a Soviet missile-tracking base) on the remote Pacific island of Kerguelen. Swann's descriptions included the layout of buildings and a map of the island. It was later confirmed that these were correct in every detail.Ingo Swann, psychic and Remote Viewer at SRI, 1972 - 1989.One of the most intriguing of SCANATE's experiments was Number 46, dated April 27th 1973. The purpose of the experiment was "to try to ascertain if long distance remote sensing could extend to a very far distance to record the time it took before impressions began to be given, and to compare the impressions with published scientific feedback." The target chosen was the planet Jupiter. NASA's Pioneer Ten satellite was already en route to the planet but too far away to send data back to the Earth laboratories. The viewers were Ingo Swann in California and Harold Sherman in Arkansas. With these two viewers 2,000 miles apart, the idea was to see whether their independent data would correspond with each other - which they did. In the course of this attempt, a ring around Jupiter was discovered by the viewers. Swann described: "Very high in the atmosphere there are crystals, they glitter. Maybe the stripes are like bands of crystals... Very close within the atmosphere. I bet you they'll reflect radio waves. Is that possible, if you had a cloud of crystals that were assaulted by different radio waves?"The existence of the ring was confirmed in early 1979, six years after this experiment.In another SCANATE experiment, psychic Pat Price was given a set of map co-ordinates and was able to describe every detail of a satellite eavesdropping station, including the complex of buildings and underground storage areas, communication and computer equipment, names on desks in the building and even code words on the labels of file folders in a locked cabinet in one of the rooms. The CIA scientist monitoring the test believed he had a potential Class 'A' espionage agent who could roam psychically anywhere in the world, ferreting out secrets undetected.More than a hundred tests were carried out for Project SCANATE, which ran for two years. Targets chosen by the CIA, in association with the NSA, included a number of very sensitive military locations in the Soviet Union. Descriptions of these provided by SCANATE subjects were later confirmed, in some cases very precisely, by satellite observations. Harold Puthof later confirmed that SRI's Remote Viewing research had been successfully replicated by several other laboratory teams, notably the Princeton University group headed by Dr Robert Jahn. Pat Price was asked on several occasions to provide his services to the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) as well as the NSA.During the 1970s, when he was living in Mexico, Uri Geller was asked by the CIA to psychically eavesdrop on the Soviet embassy. The Agency asked Geller to describe the interior of the building, erase the computer tapes there, read the numbers of a combination lock, name the ranks and duties of visiting personnel, crack codes, predict espionage drops and describe the papers in the diplomatic pouches. Another of the tasks that Geller was asked to do for the Agency was to influence the mind of incoming U.S. President Jimmy Carter at his presidential inauguration on January 20th 1977.By 1975, Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ reported that the development of Remote Viewing at SRI "has evolved to the point where visiting CIA personnel with no previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions... generating target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit matching of descriptions by independent judges."Harold Puthof with Remote Viewer Pat Price.The Remote Viewing programme received a blow when Price died in 1975, but Ingo Swann remained and other psychics joined SRI's ranks over the years. After his success with SCANATE, for several years Ingo Swann trained selected individuals with possible psychic abilities from the military and intelligence to become psychic spies. Swann claimed that almost anyone could demonstrate some RV ability and he developed a training programme which "could make anyone as good as the best natural psychic." Those admitted to the programme were military intelligence personnel whose backgrounds might indicate natural psychic talents: image interpreters (analysts of aerial reconnaissance photos) were found to have a natural visualisation ability suited for RV training; and also people with artistic ability, entrepreneurs, risk takers and those who had reported near-death experiences from combat injuries.Even high ranking officers such as Major General Thompson (Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence 1977-91), Major General Albert Stubblebine (Director of U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, INSCOM) and Jack Verona of the DIA were indoctrinated with Remote Viewing. The training took one year in controlled conditions. Major General Thompson was one of the Army's most enthusiastic supporters of RV and other paranormal phenomena, and he set up an RV unit at Fort Meade, Maryland, under the jurisdiction of INSCOM.Major General Stubblebine stated that Remote Viewing practitioners tended to give more controlled readings than non-RV psychics, adding: "I can go anywhere on this Earth. I can go into any closet, I can go into any mind. I can access that information at any location that I choose."Stubblebine directed several operations employing psychics, including Project BLUEBIRD which targeted Libyan leader Colonel Qaddafi; Project LANDBROKER, which targeted Panamanian leader General Noriega; and Project ARROWSHOP, about which little is known. A letter from U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, signed by Deputy Commander Brigadier General Ira Owens, dated February 29th 1996, states: "In 1983 this Headquarters initiated a project named Landbroker.... This was an offensive intelligence collection operation broken down into four parts, designed to collect information using psychic penetrations. Landbroker projects were always targeted against foreign nationals and never involved U.S. citizens." This last-sentence denial bears wary consideration.In the course of the siege of General Noriega's headquarters during the U.S. invasion of Panama, U.S. forces used psychological warfare techniques to drive Noriega out by playing extremely high volume Western rock music through loudspeakers. Less publicised was the use of microwave beams and other experimental weapon systems against Noriega.During the siege of Waco, Texas in 1993, the FBI blasted out tapes of the sounds of dentists' drills and the squeals of rabbits being slaughtered to keep the cult leader David Koresh on edge. It has been speculated that microwaves and other non-conventional weapons may have been the cause of the ensuing fires which killed Koresh's cult followers.Today, U.S. military and intelligence have projects, identified only by numbers, which monitor the progress, research and development of psychic and paranormal research world-wide. Project 223310 also collates information on paranormal topics in relation to their use In psychic warfare. This project has been ongoing for 25 years. U.S. Air Force Project 140410 is similarly tasked.One project currently being undertaken by the U.S. military, named SLEEPING BEAUTY, is directed towards the battlefield use of mind-altering electromagnetic weaponry. Jack Verona, a highly placed, highly secretive DIA chief, heads this project. Verona's associates include Major Edward Dames (ex-DIA), who recently founded a company called PSI-tech, which performs Remote Viewing experiments for both the government and corporate clients.PSI-Tech's company board includes now-retired Major General Stubblebine and Colonel John B. Alexander (who was a Commander of Green Beret Special Forces in Vietnam and Cambodia, and took part in a number of clandestine CIA operations including the mass-murder Phoenix programme during the Vietnam War). The company also employs Major David Morehouse (ex-82nd Airborne Division) and Ron Blackburn (a microwave scientist and a specialist at Kirkland Air Force Base).Two of the key playersin the CIA'spsychic warfare programmeColonel John Alexander, US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), 1981-1984.Major General Albert Stubblebine, Director at INSCOM.Both are on the board of themysterious PSI-tech company.Psychokinesis or telekinesis (the use of the mind to move matter) is an area of major interest to the CIA. A total of 281 laboratory experiments in psychokinesis were carried out over a ten-year period on behalf of the Agency. SRI in particular conducted some extraordinary demonstrations of metal fork bending in front of generals and colonels and other highly-qualified witnesses. In a 1995 television documentary, John Alexander revealed that "people would ask, are you going to bend tank barrels? And no, that's ridiculous. But what we can do is impact electronics and things of that nature. Rather than moving large amounts of physical matter, we're talking about moving electrons."Anybody doubting that the U.S. military are not seriously involved in the area of psychic research should bear in mind the December 1980 issue of the U.S. Army's Military Review, whose cover story was entitled "The New Mental Battlefield," complete with cover pictures of Kirlian photographs of the aura surrounding living organisms. The article, written by John Alexander, related to the use of telepathy to interfere with the brain's electrical activity. This caught the attention of senior Army generals who encouraged him to pursue what they termed "soft option kill" technologies.On November 30th and December 1st 1983, a symposium was held in Leesburg, Virginia, entitled "Applications of Anomalous Phenomena". It was organised by Kaman Tempo, a division of the Kaman Sciences think-tank in Santa Barbara, California, and its stated purpose was "to provide a venue where researchers could present government managers and scientists with details of their research on psychic phenomena, and an assessment of the potential of applications of this research." Subjects discussed ranged from telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis to "human/equipment interaction systems" (eg. people affecting computers), "the continuity of life" and "the military applications of anomalous phenomena". There were nineteen speakers from all parts of the country, several of them heads of major university departments, and it should be noted that they were not asked to discuss the possible existence of psychic phenomena, but to describe what was being done with them. The guests were described as "senior scientists and civilian and military managers." No guest list was published.In 1983, John Alexander set up a course called Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP). This presented to selected officers and Senior Executive Service members a set of techniques to modify behaviour patterns. Among the first generals to take the course was Lieutenant General Maxwell Thurman, who went on to become Vice Chief of Staff at the Army and Commander Southern Command. Among other senior participants were Major General Stubblebine and no less than vice-president Al Gore, who still retains his friendship with Alexander.Another of Alexander's programmes is the Jedi Project (taking its name from the Star Wars movies) which aims to "construct models of behavioural/ physical excellence using unconventional means" - in other words, paranormal methods of raising human performance to optimum levels and therefore producing an invincible warrior - a disquieting concept when one considers the sort of people employed by the intelligence agencies.After retiring from the army in 1988, Alexander began working with Janet Morris, the Research Director of the U.S. Global Strategy Council (USGSC), chaired by Dr Ray Cline, former Deputy Director of the CIA.Throughout 1990, the USGSC lobbied the main national laboratories, major defence contractors and industries and senior military and intelligence officers to develop what they termed "Non-Lethal Weapons (NLWs) for Disabling Measures." In her support of their doctrine for the use of such weapons by the U.S. "in crisis at home or abroad... by projecting power without indiscriminately taking lives or destroying property," Janet Morris admitted that "casualties cannot be avoided." A senior Department of Defence official described the term "Non Lethal Weapons" as "an almost obscene oxymoron."There is a massive investment programme in NLWs, about $1 billion over the next few years. The Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is rewriting military strategy to account for the new weapons. It states that "a wide range of disabling measures now exists. This was not true ten years ago."John Alexander is currently involved in over 20 mind control and psychotronic projects at the Los Alamos National Laboratories, where he holds the post of Director of Non-Lethal Programmes. Alexander and his team have been working with Dr Igor Smirnov, a psychologist from the Moscow Institute of Psycho-corrections, who pioneered a technique to electronically analyse the human mind in order to influence it. They input subliminal command messages using key words transmitted in "white noise" or music. Using an infrasound very low frequency transmission, the acoustic psycho-correction message is transmitted via bone conduction - ear plugs would not restrict the message. The subliminal messages by-pass the conscious level and are effective almost immediately.The U.S. magazine Defence News of January 1993 reported that a U.S. company called Healthline Corporation was evaluating Russian mind-control techniques of "acoustic psycho-correction," consisting of "transmission of specific commands via static or white noise bands into the human subconscious without upsetting other intellectual functions."A 1995 report by a task force, whose members included Richard Perle (the hard-line Assistance Secretary of Defence under President Reagan) and John Alexander, sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, titled 'Non-Lethal Technologies: Military Options and Implications,' concluded that "a number of non-lethal technologies deserve serious consideration for future military contingencies."An ongoing top-secret CIA mind control programme is called MONARCH, which apparently involves the deliberate creation of severe multiple personality disorder. Little else of this project is confirmable at present, but its ramifications are said to be staggering.Following the Irangate scandal, newly-appointed National Security Adviser (and former Deputy Director of the CIA) Frank Carlucci ordered the destruction of records of the Agency's more exotic programmes which might be prone to public scrutiny. This included much of SRI's paranormal work, and the motors of two paper-shredding machines were burned out in the process of destroying their records. The remaining DIA Remote Viewing agents were moved from their posts at Fort Meade. Their whereabouts and the future of the programme are unknown.CONCLUSIONEven though the world's governments have yet to officially acknowledge the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation and microwaves, the evidence available does clearly indicate that both within NATO and the former Warsaw Pact countries, electromagnetic and/or microwave weapons are now being used or field tested. Already police departments of some governments such as France have reportedly used powerful infrasound beam devices to control crowds and to make rioters lose control of their bowels.The ability to modify human behaviour with auditory-cortex stimuli, brain rhythm modifications and many other biological applications of microwaves has been repeatedly shown since the I 950s. The radio wave energy used in most of the experiments is pulse-modulated or RF microwave energy. It is the same type of RF used in radar techniques: radar equipment is used in almost all mind control experiments. Radar range at 10cm wavelength - the type used in most of the experiments - is over 25 miles. A 1976 U.S. State Department Office of Security report stated: "It is therefore possible that the biological applications of radar could be used as a weapon on an individual or mass basis for sociological or political purposes."The involvement of NASA in this field raises the sinister prospect of not just individuals being targeted by the new technologies of mind control, but of entire cities and larger areas of the population being affected via satellite transmissions.If this all sounds far-fetched, be warned. In the decade that these mind control experiments were started by the intelligence agencies, the idea of fitting a computer into a single room was science fiction. Today, they are carried in pockets. Subsequent work has of course long since superseded Delgado's early techniques. None of us knows the full extent of research and experimentation that has been carried out since then. There is little doubt, however, that lavishly funded covert experimentation - unrestrained by peer review or the need for legal controls - has achieved far more rapid progress than scientists working legitimately. The interest in this area by the U.S. and Russian military now dates back more than 30 years. It is the most secretive of all the U.S. intelligence and military covert projects and it is quite likely to represent the biggest development in military technology since the splitting of the atom.As a minimum, every citizen of every country should be warned of patterns of activity by the security services which point to resurgent mind control experimentation and major civil rights abuses. Any study of the past fifty years of illicit covert intelligence operations indicates that we usually only learn of them, if at all, decades too late. How much has still been hidden from our scrutiny? If the intelligence agencies have succeeded in any of their mind control aims outlined here, the social and political implications are literally mind-boggling.Orginial Source--------------------------------------------------------------------------------All logos and trademarks in this site are property of their respective owner.FAIR USE NOTICE: This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, and for the general purpose of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, research and / or educational purposes only. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. 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