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VIP for US National Securtity, Well Being of the United States, and Well being of the world- Bill H. R. 2977 Must be Reintroduced

Posted by ron on July 11, 2009 at 12:35am

http://milaero.ning.com/profiles/blogs/vip-for-us-national-securtityVIP for US National Securtity, Well Being of the United States, and Well being of the world- Bill H. R. 2977 Must be Reintroduced ASAP to Serve and Protect the PeopleIn Loving Memory of Frank Kucinich... brother of Denis Kucinich-directed energy victimized.Denis Kucinich stoog agaisnt directed energy weapons since his bill introduction in 2001. If Denis Kucinch had been successful in passing the bill in the US house and senate then We would not have a Global Recession, would not have totrue and murder worldwide and we most likely would be enjoying America as we remember it prior to 911. Denis Kucinich Also lost his other brother in Cleveland when he flew out to LA to meet his financial backers when he was running for President in 2008. His other brother died at I believe 52 years of age of a directed energy assault.From: Dennis Kucinich <reply@kucinichforcongress.com>
To: rpangell@umich.edu
Sent: Monday, July 6, 2009 6:51:41 PM
Subject: In Loving Memory of Frank J. Kucinich, Jr.

In Loving Memory of Frank J. Kucinich, Jr.

Dear Friends,

I wanted you to know that my beloved brother Frank J. Kucinich, Jr. was buried this morning. He died suddenly of a heart attack on June 30th.

Frank was a United States Marine, a distinguished veteran of the Vietnam War, the founder of several veterans' organizations, and a wonderful, gentle, humble soul who travelled life's path with me for the last 60 years.

Frank's passing was sudden and unexpected, a great shock to our family. I shall miss him very much. Please keep him in your prayers.

Much love,

Frank J. Kucinich, Jr.
1948-2009

PO Box 110475 | Cleveland | OH | 44111 | 216-252-9000

HR 2977 IH

107th CONGRESS

1st Session

H. R. 2977

To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

October 2, 2001

Mr. KUCINICH introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, and in addition to the Committees on Armed Services, and International Relations, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

A BILL

To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the `Space Preservation Act of 2001'.

SEC. 2. REAFFIRMATION OF POLICY ON THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN SPACE.

Congress reaffirms the policy expressed in section 102(a) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 2451(a)), stating that it `is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.'.

SEC. 3. PERMANENT BAN ON BASING OF WEAPONS IN SPACE.

The President shall--

(1) implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons of the United States and remove from space any existing space-based weapons of the United States; and

(2) immediately order the permanent termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons of the United States and their components.

SEC. 4. WORLD AGREEMENT BANNING SPACE-BASED WEAPONS.

The President shall direct the United States representatives to the United Nations and other international organizations to immediately work toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing a world agreement banning space-based weapons.

SEC. 5. REPORT.

The President shall submit to Congress not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 90 days thereafter, a report on--

(1) the implementation of the permanent ban on space-based weapons required by section 3; and

(2) progress toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing the agreement described in section 4.

SEC. 6. NON SPACE-BASED WEAPONS ACTIVITIES.

Nothing in this Act may be construed as prohibiting the use of funds for--

(1) space exploration;

(2) space research and development;

(3) testing, manufacturing, or production that is not related to space-based weapons or systems; or

(4) civil, commercial, or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems.

SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.

In this Act:

(1) The term `space' means all space extending upward from an altitude greater than 60 kilometers above the surface of the earth and any celestial body in such space.

(2)(A) The terms `weapon' and `weapons system' mean a device capable of any of the following:

(i) Damaging or destroying an object (whether in outer space, in the atmosphere, or on earth) by--

(I) firing one or more projectiles to collide with that object;

(II) detonating one or more explosive devices in close proximity to that object;

(III) directing a source of energy (including molecular or atomic energy, subatomic particle beams, electromagnetic radiation, plasma, or extremely low frequency (ELF) or ultra low frequency (ULF) energy radiation) against that object; or

(IV) any other unacknowledged or as yet undeveloped means.

(ii) Inflicting death or injury on, or damaging or destroying, a person (or the biological life, bodily health, mental health, or physical and economic well-being of a person)--

(I) through the use of any of the means described in clause (i) or subparagraph (B);

(II) through the use of land-based, sea-based, or space-based systems using radiation, electromagnetic, psychotronic, sonic, laser, or other energies directed at individual persons or targeted populations for the purpose of information war, mood management, or mind control of such persons or populations; or

(III) by expelling chemical or biological agents in the vicinity of a person.

(B) Such terms include exotic weapons systems such as--

(i) electronic, psychotronic, or information weapons;

(ii) chemtrails;

(iii) high altitude ultra low frequency weapons systems;

(iv) plasma, electromagnetic, sonic, or ultrasonic weapons;

(v) laser weapons systems;

(vi) strategic, theater, tactical, or extraterrestrial weapons; and

(vii) chemical, biological, environmental, climate, or tectonic weapons.

(C) The term `exotic weapons systems' includes weapons designed to damage space or natural ecosystems (such as the ionosphere and upper atmosphere) or climate, weather, and tectonic systems with the purpose of inducing damage or destruction upon a target population or region on earth or in space.

Dennis Kucinich's brother died of heart and lung disease

Posted by dmiller April 09, 2008 09:30AM

Categories: FYI, Open

Perry Kucinich

Perry Kucinich, 52, the youngest brother of Democratic U.S. Rep. Dennis Kucinich, died of heart and lung disease, according to the Cuyahoga County Coroner's Office.

Kucinich was found dead Dec. 19 at his apartment above Becker's Donuts & Bakery on East 71st Street in Cleveland.

Plain Dealer story posted Dec. 19:

Perry Kucinich, 52, the youngest brother of Democratic presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich, was found dead Wednesday morning at his apartment above Becker's Donuts & Bakery on East 71st Street in Cleveland.

His brother Larry found him face down on the kitchen floor at about 9 a.m., Powell Caesar, spokesman for the Cuyahoga County Frank Miller, said.

"Being face down doesn't indicate anything," Caesar said. "Whatever happened to him, gravity took hold, and he went down. There was no blunt force. No trauma. No sign of foul play."

The exact cause of death is pending autopsy results.

Larry Kucinich had taken his brother shopping Tuesday and then took him home but couldn't get an answer when he tried calling him Wednesday morning, Caesar said.

Dennis Kucinich, who represents the 10th U.S. congressional district in northeast Ohio, returned from Washington after learning of his brother's death.

Upon arriving in Cleveland, the congressman said that his brother was a talented artist whose style and structure was influenced by such modern artists as Paul Klee and Pablo Picasso.

"He was a genius," the congressman said. "He had extraordinary insights. Although he struggled with mental illness, with the help of friends and family he led a productive life. We are a close family. It's just devastating."

Perry Kucinich, the fifth of Frank and Virginia Kucinich's seven children, died eight days after his 52nd birthday and nearly 29 years to the day after he became world famous for robbing a bank.

On Dec. 18, 1978, while then-Mayor Dennis Kucinich was downtown withdrawing money to make a symbolic gesture in protest of Cleveland Trust's refusal to refinance $5 million in notes the city owed that bank, Perry Kucinich, then 22, was making an unauthorized withdrawal from a Central National Bank branch on the East Side of town.

The mayor withdrew nearly $9,200 from his personal savings and checking accounts at Cleveland Trust.

His brother, unarmed, wearing a red tassel cap, sunglasses and black leather jacket, handed a teller at a Christmas card with "All your $ or die" written on the back. He took along a light blue suitcase in which to carry the stolen $1,396.

Following the colorful description offered by witnesses, Cleveland police caught up with Perry Kucinich as he was walking home, reading the card and smiling.

Then Mayor Kucinich told reporters that Perry had been under psychiatric care for five years.

"I'm sure that he did not really understand what he was doing," he said.

Reports of the event were published internationally.

Two months later, Perry Kucinich was deemed incompetent to stand trail on a federal bank robbery charge.

He is survived by his brothers, Dennis, Larry, Frank and Gary; and sisters, Theresa and Beth Ann.

COMMENTS (6)Post a comment

Posted by CleveIrish on 04/09/08 at 11:19AM

What a moronic comment.

moneyman2007, if you die today at 2 PM, I hope that someone wildly, and without foundation, publicly speculates about the cause of your death, too.

EMPACT AMERICA, CONGRESS EXAMINES EMP THREAT, U.S. INTELLIGENCE SERVICES

Posted by Metric Clay on July 10, 2009 at 2:37am

http://www.empactamerica.org/ICMDroot/English/links/links.aspThese links provide a variety of perspectives on EMP risk and response options, and are provided for informational purposes alone.EMPACT America Inc. is not responsible for the accuracy of the information, or for the views and opinions expressed on these sites nor for any advertising found therein.Select Category : ** Choose Category **American Think TanksEMPACT SupportersGovernment AgenciesInfo on EMPIsraeli Defense CompaniesIsraeli Think TanksNon-governmental OrganizationsU.S. Defense CompaniesU.S. EMP CommissionU.S. EMP Commissionwww.empcommission.org/Homepage of the Congressional Commission to Assess the Threat to the USA From EMP Attack.www.empcommission.org/docs/empc_exec_rpt.pdfExecutive Report of the Congressional EMP Commission - 2004www.empcommission.org/docs/A2473-EMP_Commission-7MB.pdfEMP Commission Report on Critical National Infrastructures - April 2008Info on EMPen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulseWikipedia entry on Electromagnetic Pulse - very comprehensivewww.youtube.com/watch?v=KZoic9vg1fwDeclassified Film on the Starfish Prime High-Altitude Nuclear Test in 1962bartlett.house.gov/Issues/Issue/?IssueID=2060U.S. Congressman Roscoe Bartlett's webpage detailing his interest and activity surrounding EMP issues.EMPACT Supporterswww.elmhurstdairy.com/Elmhurst Dairy - a food-industry leader in recognizing the importance of EMP infrastructure protection.Government Agencieswww.mda.mil/mdalink/html/mdalink.htmlMissile Defense Agency - the US Department of Defense agency responsible to develop American comprehensive missile defenseAmerican Think Tankswww.nti.org/e_research/profiles/index.htmlNuclear Threat Initiative - excellent site detailing missile proliferation around the worldwww.missilethreat.com/news/200609.htmlMissile Threat.com - excellent site explaining the worldwide missile threat and the need for missile defenseThis is a WorldNetDaily printer-friendly version of the article which follows.To view this item online, visit http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?pageId=69056Thursday, July 09, 2009--------------------------------------------------------------------------------WorldNetDaily ExclusiveCongress examines EMP threatIran believed to test missiles for attack on U.S.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Posted: July 07, 200810:42 pm Easternhttp://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.printable&pageId=69056--------------------------------------------------------------------------------WorldNetDailyWASHINGTON – More than four years after a stunning report about America's vulnerability to a nuclear electromagnetic pulse attack was released to Congress, the House Armed Services Committee will hear testimony from the scientist who issued the warning and who believes Iran is pursuing such an option.William R. Graham, President Reagan's top science adviser and the chairman of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack, will update the committee Thursday morning.Graham warned in 2005 that Iran was not only covertly developing nuclear weapons, but was already testing ballistic missiles specifically designed to destroy America's technical infrastructure with the aim of neutralizing the world's lone superpower.(Story continues below)The radical Shiite regime has conducted successful tests to determine if its Shahab-3 ballistic missiles, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, can be detonated by a remote-control device while still in high-altitude flight, Graham said in his report.Graham said then there was no other plausible explanation for such tests than preparation for the deployment of electromagnetic pulse weapons – even one of which could knock out America's critical electrical and technological infrastructure, effectively sending the continental U.S. back to the 19th century with a recovery time of months or years.Iran would have that capability – at least theoretically – as soon as it has one nuclear bomb ready to arm such a missile.The stunning report was first published in Joseph Farah's G2 Bulletin, the premium, online intelligence newsletter published by WND's founder.Iran surprised intelligence analysts by describing the mid-flight detonations of missiles fired from ships on the Caspian Sea as "successful" tests. Even primitive Scud missiles could be used for this purpose. And top U.S. intelligence officials reminded members of Congress that there is a glut of these missiles on the world market. They are currently being bought and sold for about $100,000 apiece.Others agree with Graham's sobering assessment."A terrorist organization might have trouble putting a nuclear warhead 'on target' with a Scud, but it would be much easier to simply launch and detonate in the atmosphere," wrote Sen. John Kyl, R-Ariz., in the Washington Post in 2005 after reading Graham's report. "No need for the risk and difficulty of trying to smuggle a nuclear weapon over the border or hit a particular city. Just launch a cheap missile from a freighter in international waters – al-Qaida is believed to own about 80 such vessels – and make sure to get it a few miles in the air."The Iranian missile tests were more sophisticated and capable of detonation at higher elevations – making them more dangerous.Detonated at a height of 60 to 500 kilometers above the continental U.S., one nuclear warhead could cripple the country – knocking out electrical power and circuit boards and rendering the U.S. domestic communications impotent.In 2005, the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security chaired by Kyl, held a hearing on the electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, threat."An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on the American homeland, said one of the distinguished scientists who testified at the hearing, is one of only a few ways that the United States could be defeated by its enemies – terrorist or otherwise," wrote Kyl "And it is probably the easiest. A single Scud missile, carrying a single nuclear weapon, detonated at the appropriate altitude, would interact with the Earth's atmosphere, producing an electromagnetic pulse radiating down to the surface at the speed of light. Depending on the location and size of the blast, the effect would be to knock out already stressed power grids and other electrical systems across much or even all of the continental United States, for months if not years."The purpose of an EMP attack, unlike a nuclear attack on land, is not to kill people, but "to kill electrons," as Graham explained. He serves as chairman of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack and was director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.Graham told WND he could think of no other reason for Iran to be experimenting with mid-air detonation of missiles than for the planning of an EMP-style attack."EMP offers a bigger bang for the buck," he said. He also suggested such an attack makes a U.S. nuclear response against a suspected enemy less likely than would the detonation of a nuclear bomb in a major U.S. city.A 2004 report by the commission found "several potential adversaries have or can acquire the capability to attack the United States with a high-altitude nuclear weapons-generated electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A determined adversary can achieve an EMP attack capability without having a high level of sophistication.""EMP is one of a small number of threats that can hold our society at risk of catastrophic consequences," the report said. "EMP will cover the wide geographic region within line of sight to the nuclear weapon. It has the capability to produce significant damage to critical infrastructures and thus to the very fabric of U.S. society, as well as to the ability of the United States and Western nations to project influence and military power."The major impact of EMP weapons is on electronics, "so pervasive in all aspects of our society and military, coupled through critical infrastructures," explained the report."Their effects on systems and infrastructures dependent on electricity and electronics could be sufficiently ruinous as to qualify as catastrophic to the nation," Lowell Wood, acting chairman of the commission, told members of Congress.The commission report went so far as to suggest, in its opening sentence, that an EMP attack "might result in the defeat of our military forces.""Briefly, a single nuclear weapon exploded at high altitude above the United States will interact with the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetic field to produce an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation down to the Earth and additionally create electrical currents in the Earth," said the report. "EMP effects are both direct and indirect. The former are due to electrical systems, and the latter arise from the damage that 'shocked' – upset, damaged and destroyed – electronics controls then inflict on the systems in which they are embedded. The indirect effects can be even more severe than the direct effects."The EMP threat is not a new one considered by U.S. defense planners. The Soviet Union had experimented with the idea as a kind of super-weapon against the U.S."What is different now is that some potential sources of EMP threats are difficult to deter – they can be terrorist groups that have no state identity, have only one or a few weapons and are motivated to attack the U.S. without regard for their own safety," explains the commission report. "Rogue states, such as North Korea and Iran, may also be developing the capability to pose an EMP threat to the United States and may also be unpredictable and difficult to deter."Graham describes the potential "cascading effect" of an EMP attack. If electrical power is knocked out and circuit boards fried, telecommunications are disrupted, energy deliveries are impeded, the financial system breaks down, food, water and gasoline become scarce.As Kyl put it: "Few if any people would die right away. But the loss of power would have a cascading effect on all aspects of U.S. society. Communication would be largely impossible. Lack of refrigeration would leave food rotting in warehouses, exacerbated by a lack of transportation as those vehicles still working simply ran out of gas (which is pumped with electricity). The inability to sanitize and distribute water would quickly threaten public health, not to mention the safety of anyone in the path of the inevitable fires, which would rage unchecked. And as we have seen in areas of natural and other disasters, such circumstances often result in a fairly rapid breakdown of social order.""American society has grown so dependent on computer and other electrical systems that we have created our own Achilles' heel of vulnerability, ironically much greater than those of other, less developed nations," the senator wrote. "When deprived of power, we are in many ways helpless, as the New York City blackout made clear. In that case, power was restored quickly because adjacent areas could provide help. But a large-scale burnout caused by a broad EMP attack would create a much more difficult situation. Not only would there be nobody nearby to help, it could take years to replace destroyed equipment."The commission said hardening key infrastructure systems and procuring vital backup equipment such as transformers is both feasible and – compared with the threat – relatively inexpensive."But it will take leadership by the Department of Homeland Security, the Defense Department, and other federal agencies, along with support from Congress, all of which have yet to materialize," wrote Kyl, so far the only elected official blowing the whistle this alarming development.Kyl concluded in his report: "The Sept. 11 commission report stated that our biggest failure was one of 'imagination.' No one imagined that terrorists would do what they did on Sept. 11. Today few Americans can conceive of the possibility that terrorists could bring our society to its knees by destroying everything we rely on that runs on electricity. But this time we've been warned, and we'd better be prepared to respond."Subscribe to Joseph Farah's G2 Bulletin.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Related offers:MOST DANGEROUS NATION ON EARTH: Why America must wake up now and deal with Iran's imminent threat'Biggest threat to U.S. is nuclear terror' – Are you prepared? Get comprehensive free report now--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Previous stories:Iran '1 step' from atomic bombIranian missiles can carry nukesAhmadinejad to Iranians: Israel 'will be removed''Atomic Iran' warnings prove accurateIran leader: Islam to 'rule the world'Iran leader's messianic end-times missionIran to resume uranium enrichmentIran military journal eyes nuclear EMP attack on U.S.Iran plans to knock out U.S. with 1 nuclear bomb"No matter how paranoid you are, what they're actually doingis worse than you can possibly imagine."- RALPH J. GLEASONhttp://www.declarepeace.org.uk/captain/murder_inc/site/texts/mindcontrol-intelligence-services.htm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The capacity of the U.S. intelligence services to modify human perception and behaviour through chemical means is enormous, given their vast resources and intimate connections with drug trafficking (see DEALING IN DEATH: The CIA and the Drugs Trade). In fact it was the CIA who introduced LSD to the U.S. population in the late 1950s, while testing its potential as a "truth serum" in universities.However, there are many other disquieting methods of thought control currently being explored by covert security agencies in the West.Despite protestations by the CIA to the contrary, clandestine research into all areas of mind control and manipulation is one of their largest fields of development, and involves not only the CIA but various sinister organisations and research laboratories working on behalf of the intelligence services.Much of what follows uses information that has only recently been declassified under Freedom of Information Act appeals filed three years previously....THE CIA AND LSDThe work of various groups and individuals employed by the CIA to research mind control through the use of drugs, mirrors the notorious experiments by Nazi doctors at Dachau, who used mescaline as a means of eliminating their victims' will to resist interrogation. After World War II, a number of Nazi chemical warfare specialists went to work for the American secret services. These scientists included Karl Tauboeck, whose attempts to find a reliable "truth serum" for the CIA involved ruthless human experimentation. Karl Rarh and Hans Turit also continued their wartime experimentation with the nerve gases Tabun and Sarin (which are closely related to the Zyklon B gas used in the Nazi concentration camps) and other chemicals for the CIA.In the early 1950s, the CIA embarked on a series of mind-control and drug experiments on unwitting American and Canadian victims. Project BLUEBIRD was established in 1950 to research mind control for the CIA. The Agency contacted academics and other experts who specialised in behaviour modification. Liaison was established with the research sections of police departments and criminology laboratories. Medical practitioners, professional hypnotists arid psychiatrists were brought In as paid consultants, and various branches of the military provided assistance. Often, these arrangements involved a cover to conceal the Agency's interest in the subject.A memo, dated July 13th 1951, described BLUEBIRD's efforts as "broad and comprehensive, involving both domestic and overseas activities, and taking into consideration the programmes and objectives of other departments, principally the military services." BLUEBIRD's activities were "designed to create an exploitable alteration of personality in selected individuals". Specific targets included "potential agents, defectors, refugees, POWs" and a vague category of "others." The programme was re-christened ARTICHOKE in 1951.When the CIA had difficulties finding the ideal truth drug, agents were sent out around the world to gather samples of rare herbs and botanicals. One cocaine derivative, procaine, was injected into the frontal lobes of the brain via trephine holes drilled through the skulls of mental patients. However, repeated failure of cocaine and its derivatives led the Agency to look into heroin as a possible mind control drug. According to a CIA document dated April 26th 1952, heroin was "frequently used by police and intelligence officers on a routine basis in interrogation." CIA operatives determined that heroin and other habit-forming substances "can be useful in reverse because of the stress produced when they are withdrawn from those who are addicted to their use."The name of the programme was changed again in 1953 to MKULTRA, which primarily focused on the covert study of the hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for military or intelligence purposes as either a weapon or a tool for brainwashing.The CIA funded many individuals in the private sector on LSD research. Dr Max Rinkel, Dr Paul Hoch, Dr Joylon West, Dr Harris Isbell and Dr Carl Pfeiffer worked as contract employees for the Agency in this sphere. Like the Nazi doctors at Dachau, the CIA victimised groups of people who were unable to resist: prisoners, mental patients, foreigners, the terminally ill and ethnic minorities.One project took place at the Addiction Research Centre of the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky. This was ostensibly a place where heroin addicts could go to kick their habits, but unknown to the patients, it was in fact one of fifteen penal and mental institutions used by the CIA in its drug development programme. To conceal its role, the Agency enlisted the aid of the Navy and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) which served as conduits for channelling CIA money to Dr Harris Isbell, a research scientist who remained on the Agency's payroll for over a decade. When the CIA came across a new drug (usually supplied by U.S. pharmaceutical firms) that needed testing, they sent it to Isbell at Lexington, where an ample supply of captive human guinea pigs was available. Over 800 compounds were tested by Isbell, including LSD and a variety of hallucinogens.At the Georgetown University Hospital, Professor Charles Geschickter lent his name to a CIA research front foundation, the Geschickter Fund for Medical Research, and tested mind-control drugs on psychiatric and terminally ill cancer patients. LSD research for MKULTRA was also conducted at 44 colleges and universities in the United States in the mid-1950s.Students from Harvard and other Boston area universities were among those who were given doses of LSD through the MKULTRA programme at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, now the Massachusetts Mental Health Center. Another CIA-front organisation used for MKULTRA was the Human Ecology Fund at Madison."We have no answer to the moral issue."CIA director RICHARD HELMS, on the Agency's MKULTRA programme of illegal experimentation with mind-controlling drugs on unwitting victims. Helms ordered the destruction of MKULTRA records to prevent disclosure by investigating committees.On November 28th 1953, Frank Olson, one of the nation's top biological warfare experts, died after falling from the 13th floor of a Manhattan hotel, while CIA doctor Robert Lashbrook was "asleep" in the room. Olson was a victim of MKULTRA, murdered by the CIA because he was a security risk. Olson had told his wife that he had made a "terrible mistake" and wanted to quit his job. Congressional hearings in 1975 revealed that nine days before his death, a CIA scientist had given Olson an after-dinner drink of Cointreau that was laced with LSD. The normally cheerful researcher then sank into a deep paranoid depression and he was checked into the Statler Hilton under the supervision of Lashbrook.On the night of Olson's death, Lashbrook called neither an ambulance nor police. Instead he dialled a number on Long Island. According to the testimony of the night manager Armand Pastore, who listened in on the conversation, Lashbrook said, "Well, he's gone." The other man replied, "That's too bad," and both hung up.In July 1994, Professor of Law and Forensic Science James Starrs examined Olson's body and found evidence that he described as "sinister." There were "so many fractures in the skull that it is not possible that he received this type of injury simply from falling out of a window.... it would not be possible unless he was on a trampoline." Starrs also found no evidence of glass cuts from smashing though the window which were reported in the original autopsy.Frank Olson had worked closely with the U.S. Army's Chemical Corps' Special Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick in Maryland and the surviving records show that U.S. Army Intelligence continued to carry out LSD tests on unsuspecting victims after his death. Tests were run simulating diplomatic cocktail parties where 30 to 35 volunteers were served drinks containing LSD. Trained interrogators then tried to extract classified information about the volunteers' special duties. During the course of the "parties" the interrogators, without the knowledge of their subjects, administered additional doses of LSD. None of the volunteers gave their informed consent prior to receiving the drug and there was a deliberate attempt to deny them any information that would have permitted them to evaluate the dangers involved. According to the testimony of one of the volunteers, Charles Shirley Jr, in August 1975, the brief given to them was that if they declined to participate in the tests it would put them in immediate disfavour with their superiors.After the first phase of experiments in November 1958, a letter from the Chief of Clinical Division at Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories (EARL) in Maryland to Commanding General Army Intelligence Centre stated that all the initial work was completed with rewarding results and recommended that "actual application of the material [LSD] be utilised in real situations." It is hard to believe that such a recommendation could be given on a drug with such unpredictable and potentially dangerous results after tests on only 35 volunteers.On April 9th 1959, the Chemical Warfare Laboratory and the Intelligence Centre proposed the use of LSD overseas on "non-volunteer foreign nationals" to test its use as an aid to interrogation. This continuation of the research in foreign countries was specifically in order to do things that were forbidden by U.S. law. The U.S. Surgeon General concurred in the plan and offered "no medical objections." Thus began Operation Third Chance in Europe, the surreptitious administration of LSD to the drinks of unwitting subjects in social environments. This operation paved the way for similar experiments in the U.S. Army Pacific and elsewhere. A favourite plan of the CIA involved slipping P-1 (the codename for LSD when used operationally) to socialist or left-leaning politicians so that they would "babble incoherently and discredit themselves in public."Despite another report in 1963 recommending the termination of testing LSD on unwitting subjects, the CIA's Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Helms, continued to advocate covert testing of the drug. On the subject of moral issues in connection with these illicit human experiments, Helms commented: "We have no answer to the moral issue."Almost twenty years after the introduction of LSD, and dozens of psychological casualties later, a study by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs reported that LSD's early use by the American public began "among small groups of intellectuals at large eastern and western coast universities. It spread to undergraduate students, then to other campuses. Most often, users have been introduced to the drug by persons of higher status. Teachers have influenced students; upperclassmen have influenced lowerclassmen." Ironically, the CIA, during its MKULTRA experimentation, initiated the 1960s' psychedelic explosion.This may have been unwitting but it may also have been a deliberate effort to undermine the anti-establishment protest culture of the time. In the late 1960s and early 70s, New York biochemist Ronald Stark was one of the world's leading suppliers of LSD (which he produced at his illicit laboratories in Europe); Stark was widely suspected (as he himself claimed) of being attached to the CIA project later to be revealed as MKULTRA.The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, a hippie religious organisation based in Laguna Beach, California, supplied ample quantities of LSD to the local hippies and eventually acquired a sophisticated network of smuggling hashish and LSD to the whole United States.Billy Hitchcock served as banker for the Brotherhood, maintaining an account with Castle Bank, which had been set up by the CIA as a front for covert narcotics and money laundering operations (see DEALING IN DEATH: The CIA and the Drugs Trade). Hitchcock also poured the sum of $5 million into "litter stocks" which were associated with Mary Carter Paint Company (known later as Resorts International), which was suspected of having links to organised crime. When the company constructed a casino in the Bahamas, the star guest on opening day was none other than Richard Nixon, who was about to run for president. Strange bedfellows indeed for influential figures involved in the psychedelic movement. (In 1970 Resorts International formed a private intelligence corporation called Intertel, which was staffed largely by ex-CIA, NSA, Interpol and Justice Department officials. Intertel rented its services to a wide range of corporate clients, including ITT, McDonald's and Howard Hughes' Summa Corporation).Ronald Stark later took over Hitchcock's position of banker for the Brotherhood of Etemal Love and was involved in overseeing their LSD operation. For someone who was just known as a person helping the hippie movement, Stark kept a mysterious profile. He travelled to all the drug factories and hippie communes across the U.S., and stayed in rich hotels and private clubs, mingling with the rich and famous. He also operated a cocaine ring in the Bay Area. Since Stark took over the running of the Brotherhood, it became the single most productive manufacturer of LSD in the United States. 50 million doses (20 kilos) of the drug were mostly sold in the U.S.Stark was imprisoned in Italy from 1975 to 1979, following his involvement with a gang of drug-dealing fascist terrorists. While in jail in Bologna, he received a vast number of visitors from the British and American consulates. According to the judge who released him from prison in April 1979, "an impressive series of scrupulously enumerated proofs" showed that "from 1960 onwards, Stark belonged to the American secret services."Technically, MKULTRA was closed in 1964 but some of its programmes remained active under the name of Project MKSEARCH well into the I 970s. In 1973, tipped off about forthcoming investigations, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of all MKULTRA records. Three years later, in testimony to the Church Committee, Helms confessed that the CIA had destroyed the files "so that anybody who assisted us in the past would not be subject to follow-up questions, embarrassment if you will."The key researcher for the CIA-Army LSD tests was Dr Albert Kligman from the University of Pennsylvania. In the mid-1960s, Kligman founded the Ivy Research Laboratories (IRL), the conduit for EARL to perform experiments on humans which were not possible even under the dubious ethics of EARL's programmes. Records show that in 1971, the CIA provided Kligman with $37,000 to test a classified potentially incapacitating psycho-chemical compound known only as EA3167. Kligman tested this on human subjects, including prisoners from Holmesburg Prison in Pennsylvania.Similarly, Dr Robert Heath carried out work for the CIA at the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University in New Orleans, one of several U.S. Army research centres at which 3,000 doses of LSD were given to about 1,500 subjects in secret studies.Dr. Robert Heath, testing his "deep brain electrodes" at Tulane University, 1966.So what were the implications of LSD? The CIA sought the perfect truth serum; unsuccessful in this, the Agency then used LSD on the basis of how it could affect social and political awareness. One of the MKULTRA manuals that was destroyed at the behest of Richard Helms was entitled "Some Unpsychadelic Effects!" No-one can be sure what the CIA meant by this, but the fact remains that the new left movement that was growing in America in the 1960s was drastically disrupted by the widespread use of LSD, with millions of peace-loving youths becoming somewhat less conscious about the world around them.OTHER MKULTRA PROJECTSIn response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by John Marks in 1977, additional MKULTRA records were discovered in financial files held by the Office of Technical Services which had not been indexed under the name MKULTRA. These documents, dating back to 1963, revealed that MKULTRA was "concerned with research and development of chemical, biological and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behaviour," and that "radiation was one of the additional avenues to control human behaviour." In an undated Memorandum for the Record in MKULTRA Sub-project 86, Dr Wallace Chan proposed "radio-isotopes with predetermined half-lives, selectively implanted and/or injected; and radiologically opaque foreign bodies selectively implanted and/or injected into predetermined sites in the human body."The Canadian MKULTRA programme took place at the Allan Memorial Institute (AMI), the psychiatric wing of Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. AMI's director from 1943 to 1964 was Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron, who called his experimental techniques "depatterning" and "psychic driving." Cameron subjected his patients to heavy doses of drugs combined with electric shock treatment, technically known as Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT), but not as Cameron practised it. In standard professional ECT, the patient is given a single dose of 110 volts lasting a fraction of a second.Cameron used a dosage twenty to forty times more intense, two to three times a day, with the power turned up to 150V. The frequent screams of patients that echoed through the hospital did not deter Cameron and his associates in their attempts to "de-pattern" their subjects completely. Sometimes Cameron would combine this treatment with up to 35 days of prolonged sensory deprivation in a sealed environment. This constituted the "depatterning" phase of the treatment, at the end of which the patient's mind would be "more or less in a childlike and unconcerned state."Cameron would then attempt to reprogram his victims with his "psychic driving" techniques, which consisted of messages played on tape recorders, repeated thousands of times through headphones. Usually ten days of "negative signals," stressing the patient's presumed inadequacies, would be followed by ten days of "positive" messages, encouraging the desired behaviour. Psychic driving would take place for continuous periods of up to 16 hours per day.The CIA invited Cameron to apply for funding from the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, a CIA front. From 1957 to 1962, the Agency supported Cameron's work with grants totally $84,820. The "psychic driving" research was code-named MKULTRA Sub-project 38.Cameron, the architect of these inhuman experiments which amounted to little more than torture, was elected chairman of the American Psychiatric Association in 1952 and later became the founding chairman of the World Psychiatric Association. In 1966, he was awarded the Canadian Mental Health Award for his services to the profession. Such honours would hardly have met with the approval of the Canadian victims of the MKULTRA experiments, some of whom recently sued the CIA for irreparable mental damage.Dr. Ewen Cameron (left) receiving the Canadian Mental Health Award, 1966.A series of mind-altering drug tests and electric-shock experiments were also carried out on inmates of the Californian prisons of Vacaville and Atascadero during the 1960s. Some of these were particularly directed against gay inmates, attempting to "convert" them to heterosexuality. Blanche Wiesen Cooke, a New York history professor, has raised the question of whether AIDS may have developed as a result of such experiments.Mind control research was transferred from MKULTRA to the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in 1963, and the U.S. Army officially terminated their LSD experiments at that time. However it has recently been revealed that their British counterparts, the Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (CBDE) at Porton Down took over and continued these experiments. In 1993, Graham Pearson, the Director of CBDE, disclosed that they carried out LSD tests on 72 service volunteers, on behalf of the Ministry of Defence, between 1961 and 1972. This was the first official admission that the British government had carried out secret mind-control tests on human guinea pigs.In the early 1970s, one of MKULTRA's payrolled scientists, Dr Joylon West, was involved in planning a secret camp in California for "comparative studies.... of experimental or model programs for the alteration of undesirable behaviour" and the "study and reduction of violence." Proposed by then Governor Ronald Reagan, this centre would "predict the probability of occurrences of violence" according to ethnic population grouping. When asked how the subjects would be obtained for the experiments, Edwin Meese, Reagan's executive secretary at the time (later to become U.S. Attorney General), replied: "We'll kidnap them!" (H.W. Bowart suggests that the many cases of "alien abductions" reported [and apparently sincerely believed] by American citizens may be evidence of psychological programming experiments by the security services).The camp would "test chemical castration, psychosurgery and experimental drugs" on involuntary incarcerated people. A law would also be passed in California that would put into effect a computer filing system on "pre-delinquent children." The children would then be "treated by the camp before they could harm society." This Orwellian nightmare was stopped after the plans for the scheme leaked to the news media.MIND CONTROL AND BRAIN IMPLANTSWhen news of the existence of MKULTRA was disclosed to the public during the major investigations of the CIA in the 1970s, it was discovered that in addition to mind control through the use of drugs, other areas researched by the CIA included hypnosis, sensory deprivation, psycho-surgery, brain implants and ESP. Mystery still surrounds the area which seems to have most interested MKULTRA'S successor, the Office of Research and Development (ORD) -"psychoelectronics".In the late 1950s, a neuroscientist named Jose Delgado developed a "stimoceiver", a miniature depth electrode which can receive and transmit electronic signals over FM radio waves. By stimulating a correctly positioned stimoceiver within an individual's cranium, an outside operator could wield a surprising degree of control over the subject's responses. The most famous example of Delgado's work occurred in a Madrid bull ring. Delgado "wired" a bull before stepping into the ring entirely unprotected. The bull charged towards the doctor, then stopped just before reaching him. Delgado had halted the animal simply by pushing a button in a black box held in his hand.Delgado's human experiments demonstrated that emotions and behaviour such as rage, lust, relaxation, fear, fatigue, hallucinations etc., can be easily induced using radio stimulation by an outside operator of different points in the amygdala and hippocampus regions of the brain. The techniques could also be used to modify "unwanted" social behaviour.Speaking in 1966, Delgado asserted that his experiments "support the distasteful conclusion that motion, emotion and behaviour can be directed by electrical forces and that humans can be controlled like robots by push buttons." He even professed a day when brain control could be turned over to non-human operators by establishing two-way radio communication between the implanted brain and a computer. Work by the brothers Ralph and Robert Schwitzgebel for tracking individuals over long ranges led to the proposal of a scheme whereby miniature radio receivers are mounted on utility poles throughout a given city, thereby providing a 24-hour monitoring capability.One of the most disturbing suggestions in this area came in 1994 from Joseph Meyer of the National Security Agency, who proposed implanting roughly half of all Americans arrested (but not necessarily convicted of any crime). These "subscribers" (his term) could then be monitored continually by computer. Meyer carefully worked out the economics of his mass-implantation system and asserted that taxpayer liability should be reduced by forcing subscribers to "rent" the implant from the state. Meyer argued that implants are cheaper and more efficient than police.REMOTE MIND CONTROL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFAREAs far back as 1953, the scientist John C. Lilly was asked by the director of the National Institute of Mental Health (a regular CIA funding conduit) to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and military intelligence on his work using electrodes to stimulate the pleasure and pain centres of the brain. Lilly refused, stating in his reply: "Dr Antoine Redmond, using our techniques in Paris, has demonstrated that this method of stimulation of the brain can be applied to the human without the help of the neurosurgeon; he is doing it in his office in Paris without neurosurgical supervision. This means that anybody with the proper apparatus can carry this out on a person covertly, with no external signs that electrodes have been used on that person. I feel that if this technique got into the hands of a secret agency, they would have total control over a human being and be able to change his beliefs extremely quickly, leaving little evidence of what they had done."Unfortunately the Freedom of Information Act can only pry loose scant information on electronic mind control and most of MKULTRA's work in this area remains secret. The earliest reference to remotely-applied electronic stimulation of the brain (ESB) is a 1959 document pertaining to MKULTRA Sub-project 94 and shows that a great deal of research was carried out in this area. A 350-page CIA manual dating from 1963 asserted that the Agency had mastered a technology called RHIC-EDOM (Radio Hypnotic Intracerebral Control and Electronic Dissolution of Memory). Together, these techniques can allegedly remotely induce hypnotic trance, deliver suggestions to the subject and erase all memory for both instruction period and the act which the subject is asked to perform.During 1977 Senate hearings on CIA drug testing, Dr Sidney Gottlieb, an important MKULTRA administrator, admitted the possibility of the existence of Agency research involving hypnosis using radio beams and the use of microwaves to erase memory, alter brain functions and disrupt behaviour patterns.Early work by microwave scientist Allan H. Frey provided evidence that the perception of sound can be induced in normal and clinically deaf humans by irradiation of the head with low-density, pulse-modulated ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic radiation - a type of radio wave. It had previously been shown that UHF wavelengths smaller than 10cm could produce a heating of the skin and even cause severe burning. Since then, work by Frey and others has shown that this same microwave energy is capable of producing selective tachycardia (a speeding-up of the heart beat) and brachycardia (slowing down of the heart beat). A U.S. State Department report by G.W. Biles in 1976 suggests that it is quite possible to induce a heart attack in a person from a distance with radar, since radar uses the same pulse-modulated UHF energy that Frey had used in some of his early experiments.In 1961, Frey showed that the effect and range of auditory response to radio frequency (RF) energy could reach thousands of feet. Using a pulse-modulated transmitter, all types of biological effects could be induced on the targeted subject, including dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Even words could be sent to the brain, independent of the tympanic membrane of the ear. A new form of communications, with immense implications for the military and security services, was discovered: direct communication to the brain by radio waves. An intelligence asset, programmed by remote hypnosis, could be activated by RF means to carry out orders bypassing his or her consciousness. The hypnotic command that the target obeyed would be considered their own idea.Such operations could be carried out on the basis of a "timed hypnotic command" - using RF means, certain information could be made to appear in the target's mind at a given time in the future. A similar effect could be produced when the hypnotic suggestion is designed to be triggered by a word, a picture or other signal. "There are also means of blocking the target's access to retrieve information; by inducing amnesia it is possible to disrupt, inhibit and reconnect his or her conscious (mental) linkages at will, and thus produce contrasting effects which are of the highest value for later hypnotic commands".Similar research by Dr W. Ross Adey at the University of Southern California has shown that simply by placing subjects in an electromagnetic field, their behaviour can be altered. By directing a carrier frequency to stimulate the brain and using amplitude modulation to "shape" the wave into a mimicry of a desired EEG frequency, the mind can be externally conditioned into aversive or docile states, for example. Ideas including names can be synchronised with the feelings that the fields induce. Such devices could also have a role in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "imaginary voices" or to deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin. Adey compiled an entire library of frequencies and pulsation rates which could be used to affect the mind and nervous systems.In a rare and astonishing admission in 1963 by Dr George Estabrooks (the man who first proposed to U.S. military intelligence the potential uses of hypnosis in warfare back in the 1 940s), Estabrooks revealed that he had conducted extensive hypnosis work on behalf of the CIA, FBI and military intelligence and stated that "the key to creating an effective spy or assassin rests in... creating a multiple personality with the aid of hypnosis," a process which the doctor described as "child's play." That same year (the year of President Kennedy's assassination) Estabrooks even offered the suggestion that Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby "could very well have been performing through hypnosis."Albert Einstein conferring with naval officers in his study, Princetown, New Jersey, July 24th 1943. Einstein was involved with secret U.S. government experiments known as the 'Rainbow Project' in which the use of a very powerful electromagnetic field around an object was used to divert radar waves around it, making it radar invisible. This culminated in the test known as the 'Philadelphia Experiment' on August 12th 1943, in which the warship USS Eldridge reportedly achieved not only radar but also physical invisibility. The same research team was later involved in using electromagnetic waves for mind control experiments at Montauk Point, Long Island. Sensing the dangers of the experiments, Congress refused further approval for the work in 1967 and the project was abandoned.Some months before his death, Einstein was reported to have burned papers relating to his Unified Field Theory and its possible practical applications on the grounds that the world wasn't ready for such things and would be better off without them.In 1967 the U.S. Air Force base at Montauk Point in New York's Long Island was used for top secret experiments using a giant Sage radar that was capable of transmitting electromagnetic waves at frequencies of 425 to 450 Megahertz, the level at which it is possible to alter human thought. Some of the military technicians at the base had used the Sage radar in the 1960s and noticed how it had been possible to change the mood of the personnel on the base by changing the frequency and pulse duration of the radar. Thus, mood altering experiments were begun in earnest. One of the Montauk Project leaders, Al Bielek, later revealed that, "with no military or defence purposes to begin with, the project was only designed for controlling the minds of the population, in spite of Congress forbidding the project." At first, the focus of the experiments was a person sitting inside a shielded room. The radar reflector was angled down so that it focused on the room. The researchers observed that certain changes in frequencies and pulses "made a person sleep, cry, laugh, be agitated and so on."The experiments were then expanded to include the base personnel, then on to the townspeople in Montauk, Long Island, New Jersey, upstate New York and then Connecticut "just to see how far it could go." A special chair was designed using technology that could display what a person was thinking. It would collect the electromagnetic impulses from that person, then translate them into a understandable form. Coils, which acted as sensors, were placed around the chair, along with three receivers, six channels and a computer which would display the person's thoughts digitally on a screen. Bielek claims that the research at Montauk is still ongoing.In 1974, J. F. Schapitz filed a plan to study the effect of inducing hypnotic suggestions through radio frequencies. In his experiment, subjects were implanted with the subconscious suggestion to leave the lab and buy a particular item, the action triggered by a certain "cue" word or action. Schapitz' work was funded by the Department of Defence. Despite Freedom of Information requests, the results have never been revealed.A 1976 U.S. Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) report entitled "Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation" notes that "the potential for the development of a number of antipersonnel applications is suggested by the research published in the USSR, East Europe and the West. Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating intra-cranially can be induced by signal modulation at very low power densities."Russian scientists recently reported the following (quote): 'With the help of computer-processed frequency-modulated pulses, coding texts are being introduced into human consciousness. Programming is usually being carried out during night-time by three synchronised frequency generators situated in a city's suburbs in the course of a week. After this, the "patient" receives a coded message. This can be some specific sound but more usually it is a phone call. The call is usually made past midnight (between 12.00 p.m. and 1.00 a.m.) when human energy defences are at their lowest point, being in restoration phase. After receiving such a message, a person - against his/her will and even without conscious awareness - can take a self-destructive course of action.... In 1979, a modified generator emitter called 'Genotron' was created. The device, the size of a small saucer, is fixed on the breast of an assassin. A left wire is connected through the shirt sleeve with a feeder (the energy pumping cycle lasts seven seconds) and a right wire is connected with a control system of a 20 KWT electron ray emitter, powered by a 9V source. When a "clean elimination" of an "inconvenient" person is required, the killer walks behind the target and with the help of the ultrasound aiming device zeroes in on the victim's heart and "shoots." The result is heart defibrillation and multiple ruptures of the heart tissue.There has also been produced a car-based variety of the generator emitter which is used on the road when it is necessary to cause an auto accident. The hypnotic emitter blocks the functioning of the left brain, where the centres of rational control are situated. As a result, the driver of the tracked car loses the feeling of reality and in the euphoric state there appears a wish to increase speed beyond any limits. The result is a crash."The use of mind control weapons to cause car accidents brings to mind various incidents of people whose deaths were remarkably convenient for the powers that be. Karen Silkwood was the young American woman who died in most suspicious circumstances while she was en route to going public with the lack of safety standards at the plutonium plant at which she worked. The attempted breakout of five IRA prisoners from Whitemoor Maximum Security Prison in September 1994 led to speculation that the security services had set up the escape. The vital footage from the video recordings of the prison fences (which would have shown the prisoners receiving outside help) were mysteriously "missing." One of the prison officers who had been in the prison control room during the break-out, Marcia Whitehurst, died when her car plunged into a river near Wisbech. She was driving to court to give evidence at the trial of the prisoners and was due to be cross-examined about her entries in a log book. The police described her death as a "tragic accident." Another Whitemoor prison officer who was present in the control room, Peter Curran, disappeared when he left home to play golf. His car has never been found. His wife stated that "he was very concerned about something before he disappeared."There are also the curious events in Britain surrounding Mark Purdey, the diary farmer who opposed the British agro-chemical industry, claiming to have compelling evidence that BSE, the "mad-cow disease," was the result of organo-phosphate pesticide poisoning. Purdey's experiments, conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry in south London, confirmed that Phosmet, which contains a chemical component of the notorious drug Thalidomide, can affect the "prion protein" believed to trigger the devastating BSE brain disease. The only other countries to use Phosmet in a similar way to Britain - pouring it along the cow's spine - were France, Switzerland and Ireland, which were the other countries that had BSE. Two of the people who took Purdey's side of the argument died in mysterious circumstances. One was a solicitor, Peter Ward, who helped Purdey In a case against the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The second was a vet, Christopher Budge. Both died when their cars inexplicably left the road and crashed, Ward hitting a stone wall and Budge swerving into the path of an on-coming lorry.(Organo-phosphates, which are chemically related to nerve gas, were widely used by allied forces during the Gulf War. Their use has been linked to the debilitating Gulf War syndrome suffered by the allied troops. In March 1997 the armed forces minister Nicholas Soames admitted misleading Parliament by denying the use and known effects of organo-phosphates.)Microwave weapons have been in development for decades. A report for the U.S. Army entitled 'Analysis of Microwaves for Barrier Warfare' released under a Freedom of Information request shows that even in the early 1970s, the military were developing electromagnetic weapons: "When the beam is turned on, the person will probably fall down in pain and die in 35 seconds, If somehow he proceeds towards the friendly forces, the intensity will continue to rise and he will die before he reaches the 300m front of the barrier." Microwave and laser weapons exist that can cause "exploding eyeballs" or turn people into fireballs. A weapon that can temporarily blind or render an enemy unconscious, can with a turn of the power dial, cut them in two or "cook their internal organs." These so-called "Non Lethal Weapons," which include High Powered Microwave (HPM), infrasound, "plasma bullet guns," Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and radio frequency devices, provide "a new spectrum of options" as the Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) puts it. The weapons are so horrific that there was even debate in the Department of Defence about whether they violate treaties governing humanity in war.The CIA had a programme called Operation Pique in 1978 which included bouncing radio or microwave signals off the ionosphere to affect the mental functions of people in selected areas, including Eastern European nuclear installations. A 1985 experiment at the Midwest Research Institute in Kansas City showed that pinpoint accuracy could be achieved with behaviour-altering microwave beams, such that an individual in a room might be affected by an outside beam while another person elsewhere in the room is unaffected.The Christic Institute, a public interest law firm in the U.S., has many files from state, Senate and Congressional representatives who claim to be victims of clandestine bombardment with non-ionising radiation or microwaves.These people (nicknamed "wavies") report sudden changes in psychological states, alteration of sleep patterns, intra-cerebral voices and other sounds, and other unusual physiological effects. The number and scope of the individuals reporting such claims makes it difficult to dismiss them all out of hand as being mentally ill. The matter has been taken up in the U.S. by the Association of National Security Alumni (ANSC), after investigating the known Department of Defence and CIA interests in this field. In a briefing issued on August 19th 1992, ANSO commented on "the increasing number of persons contacting us for assistance in ending what they believe to be electronic harassment by elements of U.S. intelligence."Julianne McKinney, author of a 20-page report for ANSC, "Microwave Harassment and Mind Control Experimentation", wrote: "Four months ago, when this project commenced, we approached these complaints of government harassment and experimentation with a high degree of caution. We are no longer sceptical. The growing numbers of independent complaints and the similarities between these complaints cannot be ignored."There is now a victims group in the U.S. called Victims of Electronic Assault. In the ex-Soviet Union, political dissenters are emerging claiming to be "wavies" with the same reports as their counterparts in the U.S.In the summer of 1984, the women peace protesters camped around the U.S. air base at Greenham Common were surprised to find that the military and police personnel who had been regularly facing them across the wire disappeared at a particular time. This coincided with the appearance of new aerials on the base buildings and in the months that followed, the women began to suffer a wide variety of illnesses, with symptoms including disruption of their menstrual cycles, panic, swollen tongues, bleeding gums, headaches, voices in the head, vertigo and burns - even at night. Similar phenomena have more recently plagued the women's peace camp at Seneca in the United States. The British woman who is co-ordinating the research into this for the Greenham women has had both her car and her house shot at. In his book The Geller Effect, Uri Geller also noted the strange use of the back focus of a radar dish being used to affect the Greenham Common protesters.In addition to these cases, more and more people are turning up claiming to have had brain implants while they have been incarcerated for various reasons. A Freedom of Information request produced a 1970 NASA report on implantable biotelemetry systems, which describes the development of precisely these kinds of devices. ". it is therefore possible that the biological application of radar could be used as a weapon on an individual basis for sociological or political purposes....."The involvement of NASA in the CIA's mind control experiments has sinister implications.The CIA's research in "evoked brain potentials" (potential is used in the electrical sense, meaning voltage) had the goal of finding methods to replace both polygraphs and voice stress analysis, which are notoriously unreliable lie detectors. Evoked potential studies measure and analyse brain wave responses that result from different stimuli. Using computers, the CIA's aim was to develop these techniques into methods of mind reading and eventually, mind programming or reprogramming.By 1974 Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) had developed a computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago, the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Today, it can be the input to an EBB stimulator that uses radio frequencies. The concept of mind-reading computers is no longer science fiction.According to Ken Lawrence's testimony before Congress in 1985 on the issue of CIA campus activity, a revival of the MKULTRA programme exists at the University of Florida, where CIA-funded researchers have been carrying out "truth detector" experiments using a computer to read brain waves. Major Edward Dames of Psi-Tech said in April 1995 on NBC's 'The Other Side' programme: "The U.S. government has an electronic device which could implant thoughts in people." Dames would not comment any further.The cooking ability of microwaves is a well-known fact of everyday life. At power levels which have no heating effect, microwave radiation affects biological cells in other ways. Both American and British military security is built on a complex global system of communications links involving the widespread use of RF microwaves, including missile tracking radar and surveillance radar. These are found at American bases around the world, including the UK. The military are well aware of the adverse health effects of this and have sought to cover up deaths resulting from microwave exposure. In 1977, two army researchers published a paper showing that power levels of microwaves thousands of times below safety limits damaged the brain. This research and the debate it stimulated was stopped by the Department of Defence. Dr. Koslov at John Hopkins University attempted to restart work into this in 1986, but was unable to get funding. In 1981, U.S. Army pathologist Dr. Friedman published some preliminary findings of a study into the large number of radar operators referred to him with a rare blood disease. The army refused to publish his full report.The British ultra-secure communications network is completely independent from the British Telecom network. It ensures that the government can control the country in the event of the collapse of its authority by war or mass strike action and is based on the use of microwave communication links dotted around the country, with a higher concentration in built-up areas. The centre of research for developing this system is the Defence Research Agency's Malvern branch (formerly the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment). Since the mid-70s, eight scientists working there have died from brain tumours. Recent cases in Britain of various illnesses amongst people living near overhead power lines have added to the evidence that electromagnetic radiation is more harmful to humans than previously thought.During the Gulf War in 1991, Cruise missiles with Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) warheads were used against the Iraqis. This information was released via the American military trade publication Defence News in April 1992. The same year, the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed the development of a British microwave bomb. The EMP bomb works by "emitting a massive pulse of radio energy which would render humans unconscious by scrambling neural paths in the brain but would not cause lasting injury." In fact, evidence from research scientists exposed to EMP has shown that it can cause cancers such as myclogenous leukaemia, a fatal bone marrow disease.In 1993, residents in the Crossmaglen area of South Armagh in Northern Ireland voiced their concerns that British army surveillance equipment was linked to observed clusters and increases in cancer cases in the area. Following the deaths in 1997 of three members of the E4A undercover surveillance unit of the Special Branch (all three died of cancer of the colon), the RUC consulted the National Radiological Protection Board over concerns that their deaths might be linked to the wearing of concealed microwave equipment which is strapped to the skin beneath clothing. The RUC press office claimed that the NRPB's review was not just linked to the deaths but covered the use of all microwave equipment.SOUND WARFAREWilliam Arkin, a US consultant on the humanitarian impact of weapons and warfare, revealed in the Journal Medicine in 1998 that the United States army and airforce were developing a new generation of acoustic weapons that rupture organs, inflict burns and create cavities in human tissues. The research was so far advanced that deployment of the weapons was imminent.Such weapons can radiate a directed energy beam with an intensity varying from a 90-120 decibel low-frequency soundwave "to provide extreme levels of annoyance and distraction" through 140-150 decibels for "strong physical bodily trauma and damage to tissues", up to "shockwave" levels of over 170 decibels, producing "instantaneous blastwave-type trauma" which could be lethal.Abstracts from a US Department of Defense programme on the military's acquisition of mind control technology described the use of "a system for altering the states of human consciousness" involving "the simultaneous application of multiple stimuli, preferably sounds, having different frequencies and wave forms. Researchers have devised a variety of systems for stimulating the brain to exhibit specific brain wave rhythms and thereby alter the state of consciousness of an individual subject."Dr. Oliver Lowry, who has carried out several classified projects for the U.S. Government on what is termed by the military and intelligence services Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), sometimes called SQUAD, developed and patented a system which he described as "a silent communications system in which non-aural carriers, in the very high audio frequency range or in the adjacent ultrasonic frequency spectrum, are amplified or frequency modulated with the desired intelligence and propagated acoustically or vibrationally, for inducement into the brain. The modulated carriers may be transmitted directly in real time or may be recorded and stored on mechanical, magnetic or optical media for delayed or repeated transmission to the listener."The first known military use of the system was against Iraq during the Gulf War. Although completely silent to the human ear, the negative voice messages programmed by PsyOps psychologists were clearly perceived by the subconscious minds of Iraqi soldiers: "The silent sounds completely demoralised them and instilled a perpetual feeling of fear and hopelessness in their minds."PSYCHIC WARFAREIn the course of the MKULTRA projects, the CIA allocated some of the project's budget to study the use of mediums and called for a scientific study of the use of psychics for intelligence work. This work was set up at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Melano Park, California, whose studies in parapsychology were supported by the CIA, the Navy and the DIA. Dealing in secret high-tech defence projects, SRI was America's second largest think-tank, with over $70 million in government funding annually. The CIA's main contact in funding SRI's work was Harold Chipman, who had served in Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam.Stanford Research Institute, the base for the CIA's psychic warfare programme.In 1952, Dr Andrija Puharich presented a paper, 'An Evaluation of the Possible Uses of Extrasensory Perception (ESP) in Psychological Warfare' to a secret Pentagon gathering. Puharich's psychic research findings were in line with the CIA's current mind control work and in 1956 Puharich brought in the Israeli psychic Uri Geller to SRI. Mossad had provided SRI with an intelligence report on Geller's abilities. Geller underwent several weeks of exhaustive scientific tests at SRI, under two of the institute's chief scientists, physicists Harold Puthof and Russell Targ.The psychic Uri Geller was employed by the CIA for over twenty years. Here, Geller demonstrates his ability to erase computer tapes while specialists look on.In the early 1960s, the U.S. Air Force commissioned the American Institute for Research (AIR) to conduct a feasibility study on the development and use of psychological phenomena for warfare. AIR published their findings under the title of 'Psychological Phenomena Applicable to the Development of Psychological Weapons'.Spurred on by heavy involvement of the Soviet Union in psychic research (on which the Soviets were spending about 60 million roubles per year in 1971, increased to 300 million roubles - $450 million - in 1975), the CIA embarked on intense psychic research. SRI's Harold Puthof focused on ESP as the area most likely to give results that could be used operationally. The phenomenon was seen as a low-cost radar system; people possessing suitable extra-sensory powers could be the perfect spies.The CIA adopted a twin-track approach towards this new area of interest. Publicly, through disinformation campaigns, they endeavoured to dismiss and discredit psychic research. Secretly, they funded a series of projects on which they spent over $20 million over the next 16 years. The Soviets, aware of the U.S. policy, reacted similarly. They too publicly denied the credibility of any psychic research, imprisoned a number of researchers (particularly those involved in information exchange with their Western counterparts) and appeared to close down several research institutes.A series of 'Anomalous Mental Phenomena' programmes were carried out at SRI from 1973 to 1989 and were continued at the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1992 to 1994. A technique known as 'Sleep-Wake Hypnosis' was developed, in which a hypnotist transferred hypnotic commands telepathically to a subject, whether they were a few feet or even a thousand miles away. Psychics were trained to influence foreign leaders as they spoke to the public on the TV or radio. Some of the experiments had highly negative effects on subjects, including sickness, nervous breakdowns and even insanity. The 'Sleep-Wake Hypnosis' technique was recently demonstrated on Paul McKenna's World of the Paranormal television programme, when an Eastern European hypnotist telepathically raised and lowered the heartbeat of a subject in another room.Stanford Research Institute - now named SRI International - termed their telepathy work Remote Viewing (RV), which involved a sender transmitting messages telepathically to a receiver. Two of SRI's most important projects were Grill Flame, a multi-million dollar psychic research and development programme, started by the CIA in 1972 and now primarily run by the DIA; and SCANATE (SCANning by coordinATE), which started on May 29th 1973 and was completed in 1975. Grill Flame produced telepathic information, later confirmed by satellite, about a very sensitive nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk in Soviet Kazakhstan and which led to the location of a crashed Soviet Tu-95 'Backfire' bomber in Africa. Little else is known at present about the project.Harold Puthof, head of the CIA's Remote Viewing programme at Stanford Research Institute.In his first attempt at remote viewing a site, having been given only the geographical co-ordinates, latitude and longitude, the psychic Ingo Swann described in considerable detail what was officially described as a meteorological research installation (in fact a Soviet missile-tracking base) on the remote Pacific island of Kerguelen. Swann's descriptions included the layout of buildings and a map of the island. It was later confirmed that these were correct in every detail.Ingo Swann, psychic and Remote Viewer at SRI, 1972 - 1989.One of the most intriguing of SCANATE's experiments was Number 46, dated April 27th 1973. The purpose of the experiment was "to try to ascertain if long distance remote sensing could extend to a very far distance to record the time it took before impressions began to be given, and to compare the impressions with published scientific feedback." The target chosen was the planet Jupiter. NASA's Pioneer Ten satellite was already en route to the planet but too far away to send data back to the Earth laboratories. The viewers were Ingo Swann in California and Harold Sherman in Arkansas. With these two viewers 2,000 miles apart, the idea was to see whether their independent data would correspond with each other - which they did. In the course of this attempt, a ring around Jupiter was discovered by the viewers. Swann described: "Very high in the atmosphere there are crystals, they glitter. Maybe the stripes are like bands of crystals... Very close within the atmosphere. I bet you they'll reflect radio waves. Is that possible, if you had a cloud of crystals that were assaulted by different radio waves?"The existence of the ring was confirmed in early 1979, six years after this experiment.In another SCANATE experiment, psychic Pat Price was given a set of map co-ordinates and was able to describe every detail of a satellite eavesdropping station, including the complex of buildings and underground storage areas, communication and computer equipment, names on desks in the building and even code words on the labels of file folders in a locked cabinet in one of the rooms. The CIA scientist monitoring the test believed he had a potential Class 'A' espionage agent who could roam psychically anywhere in the world, ferreting out secrets undetected.More than a hundred tests were carried out for Project SCANATE, which ran for two years. Targets chosen by the CIA, in association with the NSA, included a number of very sensitive military locations in the Soviet Union. Descriptions of these provided by SCANATE subjects were later confirmed, in some cases very precisely, by satellite observations. Harold Puthof later confirmed that SRI's Remote Viewing research had been successfully replicated by several other laboratory teams, notably the Princeton University group headed by Dr Robert Jahn. Pat Price was asked on several occasions to provide his services to the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) as well as the NSA.During the 1970s, when he was living in Mexico, Uri Geller was asked by the CIA to psychically eavesdrop on the Soviet embassy. The Agency asked Geller to describe the interior of the building, erase the computer tapes there, read the numbers of a combination lock, name the ranks and duties of visiting personnel, crack codes, predict espionage drops and describe the papers in the diplomatic pouches. Another of the tasks that Geller was asked to do for the Agency was to influence the mind of incoming U.S. President Jimmy Carter at his presidential inauguration on January 20th 1977.By 1975, Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ reported that the development of Remote Viewing at SRI "has evolved to the point where visiting CIA personnel with no previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions... generating target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit matching of descriptions by independent judges."Harold Puthof with Remote Viewer Pat Price.The Remote Viewing programme received a blow when Price died in 1975, but Ingo Swann remained and other psychics joined SRI's ranks over the years. After his success with SCANATE, for several years Ingo Swann trained selected individuals with possible psychic abilities from the military and intelligence to become psychic spies. Swann claimed that almost anyone could demonstrate some RV ability and he developed a training programme which "could make anyone as good as the best natural psychic." Those admitted to the programme were military intelligence personnel whose backgrounds might indicate natural psychic talents: image interpreters (analysts of aerial reconnaissance photos) were found to have a natural visualisation ability suited for RV training; and also people with artistic ability, entrepreneurs, risk takers and those who had reported near-death experiences from combat injuries.Even high ranking officers such as Major General Thompson (Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence 1977-91), Major General Albert Stubblebine (Director of U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, INSCOM) and Jack Verona of the DIA were indoctrinated with Remote Viewing. The training took one year in controlled conditions. Major General Thompson was one of the Army's most enthusiastic supporters of RV and other paranormal phenomena, and he set up an RV unit at Fort Meade, Maryland, under the jurisdiction of INSCOM.Major General Stubblebine stated that Remote Viewing practitioners tended to give more controlled readings than non-RV psychics, adding: "I can go anywhere on this Earth. I can go into any closet, I can go into any mind. I can access that information at any location that I choose."Stubblebine directed several operations employing psychics, including Project BLUEBIRD which targeted Libyan leader Colonel Qaddafi; Project LANDBROKER, which targeted Panamanian leader General Noriega; and Project ARROWSHOP, about which little is known. A letter from U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, signed by Deputy Commander Brigadier General Ira Owens, dated February 29th 1996, states: "In 1983 this Headquarters initiated a project named Landbroker.... This was an offensive intelligence collection operation broken down into four parts, designed to collect information using psychic penetrations. Landbroker projects were always targeted against foreign nationals and never involved U.S. citizens." This last-sentence denial bears wary consideration.In the course of the siege of General Noriega's headquarters during the U.S. invasion of Panama, U.S. forces used psychological warfare techniques to drive Noriega out by playing extremely high volume Western rock music through loudspeakers. Less publicised was the use of microwave beams and other experimental weapon systems against Noriega.During the siege of Waco, Texas in 1993, the FBI blasted out tapes of the sounds of dentists' drills and the squeals of rabbits being slaughtered to keep the cult leader David Koresh on edge. It has been speculated that microwaves and other non-conventional weapons may have been the cause of the ensuing fires which killed Koresh's cult followers.Today, U.S. military and intelligence have projects, identified only by numbers, which monitor the progress, research and development of psychic and paranormal research world-wide. Project 223310 also collates information on paranormal topics in relation to their use In psychic warfare. This project has been ongoing for 25 years. U.S. Air Force Project 140410 is similarly tasked.One project currently being undertaken by the U.S. military, named SLEEPING BEAUTY, is directed towards the battlefield use of mind-altering electromagnetic weaponry. Jack Verona, a highly placed, highly secretive DIA chief, heads this project. Verona's associates include Major Edward Dames (ex-DIA), who recently founded a company called PSI-tech, which performs Remote Viewing experiments for both the government and corporate clients.PSI-Tech's company board includes now-retired Major General Stubblebine and Colonel John B. Alexander (who was a Commander of Green Beret Special Forces in Vietnam and Cambodia, and took part in a number of clandestine CIA operations including the mass-murder Phoenix programme during the Vietnam War). The company also employs Major David Morehouse (ex-82nd Airborne Division) and Ron Blackburn (a microwave scientist and a specialist at Kirkland Air Force Base).Two of the key playersin the CIA'spsychic warfare programmeColonel John Alexander, US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), 1981-1984.Major General Albert Stubblebine, Director at INSCOM.Both are on the board of themysterious PSI-tech company.Psychokinesis or telekinesis (the use of the mind to move matter) is an area of major interest to the CIA. A total of 281 laboratory experiments in psychokinesis were carried out over a ten-year period on behalf of the Agency. SRI in particular conducted some extraordinary demonstrations of metal fork bending in front of generals and colonels and other highly-qualified witnesses. In a 1995 television documentary, John Alexander revealed that "people would ask, are you going to bend tank barrels? And no, that's ridiculous. But what we can do is impact electronics and things of that nature. Rather than moving large amounts of physical matter, we're talking about moving electrons."Anybody doubting that the U.S. military are not seriously involved in the area of psychic research should bear in mind the December 1980 issue of the U.S. Army's Military Review, whose cover story was entitled "The New Mental Battlefield," complete with cover pictures of Kirlian photographs of the aura surrounding living organisms. The article, written by John Alexander, related to the use of telepathy to interfere with the brain's electrical activity. This caught the attention of senior Army generals who encouraged him to pursue what they termed "soft option kill" technologies.On November 30th and December 1st 1983, a symposium was held in Leesburg, Virginia, entitled "Applications of Anomalous Phenomena". It was organised by Kaman Tempo, a division of the Kaman Sciences think-tank in Santa Barbara, California, and its stated purpose was "to provide a venue where researchers could present government managers and scientists with details of their research on psychic phenomena, and an assessment of the potential of applications of this research." Subjects discussed ranged from telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis to "human/equipment interaction systems" (eg. people affecting computers), "the continuity of life" and "the military applications of anomalous phenomena". There were nineteen speakers from all parts of the country, several of them heads of major university departments, and it should be noted that they were not asked to discuss the possible existence of psychic phenomena, but to describe what was being done with them. The guests were described as "senior scientists and civilian and military managers." No guest list was published.In 1983, John Alexander set up a course called Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP). This presented to selected officers and Senior Executive Service members a set of techniques to modify behaviour patterns. Among the first generals to take the course was Lieutenant General Maxwell Thurman, who went on to become Vice Chief of Staff at the Army and Commander Southern Command. Among other senior participants were Major General Stubblebine and no less than vice-president Al Gore, who still retains his friendship with Alexander.Another of Alexander's programmes is the Jedi Project (taking its name from the Star Wars movies) which aims to "construct models of behavioural/ physical excellence using unconventional means" - in other words, paranormal methods of raising human performance to optimum levels and therefore producing an invincible warrior - a disquieting concept when one considers the sort of people employed by the intelligence agencies.After retiring from the army in 1988, Alexander began working with Janet Morris, the Research Director of the U.S. Global Strategy Council (USGSC), chaired by Dr Ray Cline, former Deputy Director of the CIA.Throughout 1990, the USGSC lobbied the main national laboratories, major defence contractors and industries and senior military and intelligence officers to develop what they termed "Non-Lethal Weapons (NLWs) for Disabling Measures." In her support of their doctrine for the use of such weapons by the U.S. "in crisis at home or abroad... by projecting power without indiscriminately taking lives or destroying property," Janet Morris admitted that "casualties cannot be avoided." A senior Department of Defence official described the term "Non Lethal Weapons" as "an almost obscene oxymoron."There is a massive investment programme in NLWs, about $1 billion over the next few years. The Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is rewriting military strategy to account for the new weapons. It states that "a wide range of disabling measures now exists. This was not true ten years ago."John Alexander is currently involved in over 20 mind control and psychotronic projects at the Los Alamos National Laboratories, where he holds the post of Director of Non-Lethal Programmes. Alexander and his team have been working with Dr Igor Smirnov, a psychologist from the Moscow Institute of Psycho-corrections, who pioneered a technique to electronically analyse the human mind in order to influence it. They input subliminal command messages using key words transmitted in "white noise" or music. Using an infrasound very low frequency transmission, the acoustic psycho-correction message is transmitted via bone conduction - ear plugs would not restrict the message. The subliminal messages by-pass the conscious level and are effective almost immediately.The U.S. magazine Defence News of January 1993 reported that a U.S. company called Healthline Corporation was evaluating Russian mind-control techniques of "acoustic psycho-correction," consisting of "transmission of specific commands via static or white noise bands into the human subconscious without upsetting other intellectual functions."A 1995 report by a task force, whose members included Richard Perle (the hard-line Assistance Secretary of Defence under President Reagan) and John Alexander, sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, titled 'Non-Lethal Technologies: Military Options and Implications,' concluded that "a number of non-lethal technologies deserve serious consideration for future military contingencies."An ongoing top-secret CIA mind control programme is called MONARCH, which apparently involves the deliberate creation of severe multiple personality disorder. Little else of this project is confirmable at present, but its ramifications are said to be staggering.Following the Irangate scandal, newly-appointed National Security Adviser (and former Deputy Director of the CIA) Frank Carlucci ordered the destruction of records of the Agency's more exotic programmes which might be prone to public scrutiny. This included much of SRI's paranormal work, and the motors of two paper-shredding machines were burned out in the process of destroying their records. The remaining DIA Remote Viewing agents were moved from their posts at Fort Meade. Their whereabouts and the future of the programme are unknown.CONCLUSIONEven though the world's governments have yet to officially acknowledge the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation and microwaves, the evidence available does clearly indicate that both within NATO and the former Warsaw Pact countries, electromagnetic and/or microwave weapons are now being used or field tested. Already police departments of some governments such as France have reportedly used powerful infrasound beam devices to control crowds and to make rioters lose control of their bowels.The ability to modify human behaviour with auditory-cortex stimuli, brain rhythm modifications and many other biological applications of microwaves has been repeatedly shown since the I 950s. The radio wave energy used in most of the experiments is pulse-modulated or RF microwave energy. It is the same type of RF used in radar techniques: radar equipment is used in almost all mind control experiments. Radar range at 10cm wavelength - the type used in most of the experiments - is over 25 miles. A 1976 U.S. State Department Office of Security report stated: "It is therefore possible that the biological applications of radar could be used as a weapon on an individual or mass basis for sociological or political purposes."The involvement of NASA in this field raises the sinister prospect of not just individuals being targeted by the new technologies of mind control, but of entire cities and larger areas of the population being affected via satellite transmissions.If this all sounds far-fetched, be warned. In the decade that these mind control experiments were started by the intelligence agencies, the idea of fitting a computer into a single room was science fiction. Today, they are carried in pockets. Subsequent work has of course long since superseded Delgado's early techniques. None of us knows the full extent of research and experimentation that has been carried out since then. There is little doubt, however, that lavishly funded covert experimentation - unrestrained by peer review or the need for legal controls - has achieved far more rapid progress than scientists working legitimately. The interest in this area by the U.S. and Russian military now dates back more than 30 years. It is the most secretive of all the U.S. intelligence and military covert projects and it is quite likely to represent the biggest development in military technology since the splitting of the atom.As a minimum, every citizen of every country should be warned of patterns of activity by the security services which point to resurgent mind control experimentation and major civil rights abuses. Any study of the past fifty years of illicit covert intelligence operations indicates that we usually only learn of them, if at all, decades too late. How much has still been hidden from our scrutiny? If the intelligence agencies have succeeded in any of their mind control aims outlined here, the social and political implications are literally mind-boggling.Orginial Source--------------------------------------------------------------------------------All logos and trademarks in this site are property of their respective owner.FAIR USE NOTICE: This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, and for the general purpose of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, research and / or educational purposes only. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use this material for purposes other than provided by law. You must obtain permission from the copyright owner. For more information go to: http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/index.html,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------This Page Last Updated: 12/04/2005 18:44:26

Targets who call other targets "perps"

Posted by SheriGrutz on July 9, 2009 at 2:30pm

I’m not really sure what we mean by “perps” anymore. I used to believe it was the bad guys in the government holding camp that physically electronically torturing me or causing such eletronic impulses through my body, and they certainly aren’t people out on the street, people I meet, or people who can someone move in next to me to cause me unrest.Many targets believe that these such perps are everywhere in the world, and not only everywhere out here in our world, but also among us. This is a classic case of extreme paranoia that gets the better of them, and they will start all kinds of gossip, back-biting, and fighting within the community to tell everyone else about this person. One of the last times I was on a conference call the woman on there stopped all the talk and said, “I just want you guys to know who’s a real target and who’s a perp.” OK. How does she know this?This community of targets is definitely losing the fight. If their paranoia is so bad that they need to call out other people to accost them, then maybe they should consider medication, a change of lifestyle, or just merely shutting up. It bothers me to no end when these people have no basis, and think all the rest of us care what they have decided about others. Get a life, would ya?

#590 Vicarious Trauma, Hyper Vigilance and the Spiral of Destruction I went through a period where I contacted every group that stud against torture. As I did one of the main words that kept coming u

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 8, 2009 at 4:54pm

#590 Vicarious Trauma, Hyper Vigilance and the Spiral of DestructionI went through a period where I contacted every group that stud against torture. As I did one of the main words that kept coming up in connection with torture was of course, "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder". That then became part of my phrase in my Google search. It also lead to the others I have been using in association, like Hyper vigilance and Vicarious trauma. That was also where I came across the CIA psychologist that you and I spoke about,..... "The torture victim is forced to speak with others in and attempt to heal while those the victim talk to are at risk of vicarious trauma"...... ( they themselves can get PTSD from just listening to the torture we have endured)......This leads to those who the torture victim talks to in and effort to heal themselves to pushing the torture victim away to save themselves psychological trauma". "Leading to the further isolation of the torture victim by those he attempts to talk to who are at risk of PTSD".( by way of vicarious trauma). So the torture victim falls in a never ending spiral of destruction as those they attempt to talk to, to heal push them away and further isolate the torture victim".The CIA psychologist didn't put in the,"vicarious trauma", I did. I found this term by reading about doctors that treat post traumatic soldiers from Vietnam. It is better we use accepted terms in the professions when ever we can.I have been using this story so TIs know why others can't deal with the horror of what we have been through and prefer to believe it never happened. they are doing it to not be harmed by our pain through, "vicarious trauma". at the same time they need to understand that it is here on the groups that they can speak about their torture and heal.That would also be why I get so fucking pissed when new TI are blasted so bad by us older more experience TIs who forget what it was like to be unaware and to not have gotten this burden off of our shoulders. For these reason there is no excuse to kick these people off groups before they can begin to heal. we need more patience. Because they are in a state of, "Hyper Vigilance". I term I also picked up from doctors attempting to treat tortured soldiers coming back from Vietnam. torture brings on this hyper state until they can get so treatment and talk about there torture or trauma. It is normal for new TIs to be in this hypered state of panic and see threats where there are none.I try to explain to TI who see threats in normal every day events that this is what is now happening and why, like targeted individuals who think that the television news is talking about them. We can all relate to this a so point in our targeting.You added the last piece of this puzzle that has been being put together by us deca. that would be the writing by MI6 that the most effective torture is torture that seems to have no reason or no cause. Running the torture victims head around in circles trying to understand why. If we knew why we might be able to end this shit, but that is why they will never let us know or switch from one cause to another. It makes for a more effective torture program.Again though we have everything we need among ourselves to heal each other. we are all already PTSD and hearing new versions isn't going to do us harm. It is also why we are having so much trouble getting the public to accept that we are being targeted, they are saving themselves from vicarious trauma.by the way when I dug up my records and proved with their own records that police had had me under surveillance, that they had had me hospitalized and my home had been searched for bombs, proving what I had been saying all along, they then agreed I had been through some type of severe trauma and offered to treat me for PTSD. I told them I was already getting treatment from other Targeted people just like myself on the Internet.I also brought in the descriptions of military weapons that could explain the voices and the radiation weapon I was attacked by.No fucking hero's welcome for us, know home coming parade either and nobody wants to hear about or deal with what we have been through either. This is what the Vietnam war veterans went through when they came home. This is also why they had so much trouble dealing with it and why they sit at the American Legion Bar talking about there time over in Vietnam among themselves. That might even be why so many of my perps come from the American Legion building here in Riverside RI. One of my perps even had the sign in front saying, "congratulations M Gamma". I wonder if it was for the perping he was doing of if he got some government job for his participation.Maybe that is why we are all so separated so we can't slug down a few cold beers and heal each other. We need less wars and less weapons, not more.Peter Rosenholm

HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVE FOR FAITH WITHOUT WORKS IN DEAD 17

Posted by Metric Clay on July 8, 2009 at 1:59am

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JUDGE SONIA SOTOMAYOR AND DISABLILTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS

Posted by Metric Clay on July 8, 2009 at 12:05am

Five Things You Should Know AboutJudge Sonia Sotomayor and Disability RightsJudge Sonia Sotomayor, President Obama's first nominee to the United States Supreme Court, understands that disability rights are civil rights.As a judge on both the district court and circuit court, she has demonstrated that she recognizes the importance of Congress' role in enacting major disability rights laws, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).The Bazelon Center and other disability organizations support her nomination and ask you to help ensure her confirmation by the Senate.The laws mentioned above protect the civil rights of people with disabilities by requiring that they have equal opportunities in work and at school, and that they have equal access to government services and public accommodations, like stores, restaurants, theaters and sporting events. The care that Judge Sotomayor has taken in her decisions under these laws indicates a respect for Congress' intent to protect individuals with disabilities from such discrimination. And she is not afraid to take bold positions to ensure that Congress's laws protecting disability rights are upheld.Judge Sotomayor understands that the ADA protects millions of people with disabilities.Over the years many judges have taken an extremely narrow view of whether people with disabilities like cancer, diabetes, epilepsy and many mental illnesses were covered by the ADA. Last year, Congress had to amend the ADA to make it clear that people with disabilities like these are protected. Judge Sotomayor has a record of looking at all of the facts to ensure that she makes the right decision about whether a plaintiff is protected by the ADA.Judge Sotomayor knows how important special education is to students with disabilities and their families.Special education consists of critical specialized instruction and services for students with disabilities who need these supports to succeed in school and life. Judge Sotomayor has acknowledged that when families and schools disagree about what services are appropriate, a student's success in school hangs in the balance and, as a result, such disagreements should be resolved as soon as possible. In one case, Judge Sotomayor held that parents can place their child in an alternative setting and get reimbursed for the cost of appropriate services if the public school fails to provide them. This year the Supreme Court agreed with Judge Sotomayor's position when it decided the Forest Grove case.Judge Sotomayor knows that people with disabilities have a right to privacy.Under the ADA, employees are protected from having personal information disclosed to people who don't need to know about it. Judge Sotomayor has affirmed this, stating that employers should not be able to "monitor … [or] control … the health of their employees [or] the most intimate aspects of their off-duty lives."Judge Sotomayor knows that people with disabilities are entitled to lead independent lives, just like everyone else.Sometimes people make assumptions about individuals with disabilities based on stereotypes of helplessness. Judge Sotomayor understands that this is wrong. Arguing that it was wrong to appoint a guardian ad litem (a person appointed by the court to protect the interests of someone who is incapacitated) for a plaintiff who had been released from a psychiatric hospital, she determined that, at the least, the plaintiff should have been given adequate notice that, "if … a guardian ad litem was appointed, she would lose all authority to make decisions concerning her own case."Judge Sotomayor understands that court rulings have consequences.Judge Sotomayor understands that her decisions in disability rights cases have consequences for people with disabilities. In a case about whether a person with a learning disability should get accommodations to take the bar exam so she could earn her right to practice law, Judge Sotomayor wrote that the plaintiff "struggled through three laborious years of law school-at no small fiscal or psychic cost. To tell her now that she is free to go and practice another profession, or to return to her prior field … would not be consistent with the remedial goals that Congress intended in passing the ADA."In addition to her extensive legal expertise, Judge Sotomayor's life experience makes her uniquely qualified to be a disability rights champion on the Supreme Court. Unlike any other Supreme Court justice in recent memory, Judge Sotomayor has publicly acknowledged that she has a disability-insulin-treated diabetes. Her life experience with diabetes makes her uniquely qualified to help her colleagues on the Supreme Court understand the importance of the protections in the ADA and other disability rights laws to people with disabilities.For these reasons, we think Judge Sotomayor can be a champion for disability rights. The Bazelon Center and many other disability organizations have signed onto a letter supporting her nomination.What You Can DoWe need a disability rights champion on the Supreme Court. The Senate Judiciary Committee will begin hearings on her nomination next week. If you agree, please phone or write to your Senators - particularly if they are members of the committee (listed below) - to ask them to confirm Judge Sotomayor for the Supreme Court. (To email, use the form provided on the Senator's website.)Members of the Senate Judiciary CommitteePatrick J. Leahy (D-VT), chair, (202) 224-4242, leahy.senate.govHerbert Kohl (D-WI), (202) 224-5653, kohl.senate.govDianne Feinstein (D-CA), (202) 224-3841, feinstein.senate.govRuss Feingold (D-WI), (202) 224-5323, feingold.senate.govCharles Schumer (D-NY), (202) 224-6542, schumer.senate.govRichard Durbin (D-IL), (202) 224-2152, durbin.senate.govBenjamin Cardin (D-MD), (202) 224-4524, cardin.senate.govSheldon Whitehouse (D-RI), (202) 224-2921, whitehouse.senate.govRon Wyden, D-OR), (202) 224-5244, wyden.senate.govAmy Klobuchar (D-MN), (202) 224-3244, klobuchar.senate.govTed Kaufman (D-DE), (202) 224-5042, kaufman.senate.govArlen Specter (D-PA), (202) 224-4254, specter.senate.govJeff Sessions (R-AL), ranking member, (202) 224-4124, sessions.senate.govOrrin Hatch (R-UT), (202) 224-5251, hatch.senate.govCharles Grassley (R-IA), (202) 224-3744, grassley.senate.govJon Kyl (R-AZ), (202) 224-4521, kyl.senate.govLindsey Graham (R-SC), (202) 224-5972, lgraham.senate.govJohn Cornyn (R-TX), (202) 224-2934, cornyn.senate.govTom Coburn (R-OK), (202) 224-5754, coburn.senate.govTo find contact information for other Senators, go to www.senate.gov.See a review of Judge Sotomayor's decisions involving disability rights.ALL RESULTS1-10 of 35,900,000 results·AdvancedSponsored sitesDisability Attorneys- www.frankelnewfield.comHaving problems collecting disability insurance benefits? Call us.Disability Lawyers- http://www.theerisalawgroup.comFor insurance claims, appeals, lawsuits. Pay us only when you win.Apply for Disability Now- www.social.security.disability.tvFast, Free Online Social Security Disability Benefits EvaluationThe Council for Disability RightsAdvancing rights and enhancing lives for people with disabilities in Chicago, Illinois. Articles on advocating for yourself and coping with the system.www.disabilityrights.org · Cached pageDisability rights movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe disability rights movement aims to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities. For people with physical disabilities accessibility and safety are primary issues ...History · Physical disabilities · Developmental ... · Personalitiesen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights · Enhanced viewDisability Rights & ResourcesAdvocacy - Community Integration - Independent Living Skills - Information and Referral - Peer Mentoringwww.disability-rights.org · Cached pageA Guide to Disability Rights LawsA Guide to Disability Rights Laws . September 2005 . TABLE OF CONTENTS. Americans with Disabilities Act Telecommunications Act Fair Housing Act Air Carrier Access Actwww.ada.gov/cguide.htm · Cached pageDisability Rights AdvocatesDRA is a non-profit law firm dedicated to protecting and advancing the civil rights of people with disabilities.www.dralegal.org · Cached pageDisability rights : Directgov - Disabled peopleInformation on rights for disabled people, including the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), the definition of disability and the Equality and Human Rights Commissionwww.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/RightsAndObligations/DisabilityRights/index.htm · Cached pageDisability Rights Homepage - Australian Human Rights CommissionThe Australian Human Rights Commission website provides information on a wide variety of Human Rights issues; including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice ...www.hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights · Cached pageDisability Rights CommissionYou have reached a registered domain name which belongs to one of our customers.www.drc-gb.org · Cached pageNational Disability Rights Network - HomeNationwide network of congressionally mandated, legally based disability rights agencies.www.napas.org · Cached pageAmerican Civil Liberties Union : Disability Rights ... Evidence of the Americans with Disabilities Act is everywhere: handicap parking spaces, Braille instructions on ATM's, and ramps built into sidewalks.www.aclu.org/disability/index.html · Cached page

HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVE FOR FAITH WITHOUT WORKS IN DEAD 16

Posted by Metric Clay on July 7, 2009 at 11:09pm

http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/301/t/9462/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27357 TAKE ACTION ON His name is Ezra NawiIndigenous voices must be heard in the UN-Climate processes...Release prominent Human Rights Defender & other Detainees...When you meet the Colombian President make Human Rights in Colombia a Priority...Support Women and Girls in Afghanistan...Make sure Climate Change is at the top of your Agenda... Go to Copenhagen...Clean Energy future or Dirtiest Oil on Earth...Strengthen Animal Protection Laws...Help Cats Used in Cruel Training Course at Medical Canter...and much moretake action NOW!Copenhagenurgent campaignshttp://www.flokli.ch/index.php?page=321facebook HUMANRIGHT and ENVIRONMENTAL CAMPAIGNShttp://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=16464667612http://action.panna.org/t/5185/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=1176 TAKE ACTION ON Get pesticide pollution out of CA’s airhttp://www.avaaz.org/en/tcktcktck/?cl=273828248&v=3631 TAKE ACTION ON Join the call for a strong climate treaty!Nuclear Weapons Global Zero is coming...the Inter national Call to Stop the GazaSiege NOW...Bring Israeli War Criminals to Justice...Support the world`s poor people in the Senate`s Climate bill...European Commission must stop funding aviation biofuel development...Declare your Energy Independence...High Court Rules against Clean Water Protections...and much moretake action NOW!urgent campaignsjoinfacebook HUMANRIGHT and ENVIRONMENTAL CAMPAIGNShttp://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=16464667612http://www.heartprescription.org/ TAKE ACTION ON FDA Regulation of Tobacco Today- Healthy Hearts Tomorrowhttps://secure3.convio.net/gpeace/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=468 TAKE ACTION ON ACT! Vote NO on a bad Global Warming Bill!http://capwiz.com/pcusa/callalert/index.tt?alertid=13612231&type=CO TAKE ACTION ON Help Protect the World's Poorest Countries!http://org2.democracyinaction.org/o/5851/t/6247/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=817&utm_source=Direct+No%20Google%20Tracking&utm_medium=Redirect TAKE ACTION ONhttps://secure3.convio.net/acscan/site/Advocacy?pagename=homepage&cmd=display&page=ActionAlertTakenPage&id=4493 TAKE ACTION ON Tell Congress: On health care reform, this is what we stand forhttp://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/676/t/572/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=1159&track=EWalert TAKE ACTION ON Now only one person has the power to stop the dirtiest oil project on earth: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.http://org2.democracyinaction.org/o/5851/t/6247/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=817&utm_source=Direct+No%20Google%20Tracking&utm_medium=Redirect TAKE ACTION ONhttp://action.lcv.org/campaign/july_gw_no/keus6x4zj7nbeb5? TAKE ACTION ON RE: Support for HR 2454https://secure3.convio.net/hrc/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=299 TAKE ACTION ONhttp://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/727/t/3823/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27531 TAKE ACTION ONhttp://action.earthjustice.org/campaign/kensington_0709/iiui77s4077je68t?#startform TAKE ACTION ON High Court Rules Against Clean Water Protections,But Hope is Not Losthttp://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/727/t/3823/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27531 TAKE ACTION ONhttp://www.globalaidsalliance.org/page/speakout/g8gfe TAKE ACTION ON Can You Read This?https://secure2.convio.net/nmha/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=503&JServSessionIdr011=dslxhb3mn1.app6b TAKE ACTION ON Please Make Access to Mental Health Services a Key Part of Health Reformhttp://action.humanrightsfirst.org/campaign/fd_medvedev/wbxi53x4f7x3xbjk? TAKE ACTION ON Tell President Obama to raise human rights issues with Russian President Medvedev!http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1312/t/9050/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27550 TAKE ACTION ON The letter below seeks the removal of John Rizzo from the CIA and of Jonathan Fredman from the office of the National Director of Intelligence. For more infomation see: Press Conference Urging Torture Accountability for CIA Lawyershttp://org2.democracyinaction.org/o/5851/t/6247/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=817&utm_source=Direct+No%20Google%20Tracking&utm_medium=Redirect TAKE ACTION ONHelp President Obama make history againHelp President Obama make history again TAKE ACTION ON Sign the Congratulations Card to Al Frankenhttp://action.walmartwatch.com/page/speakout/stories TAKE ACTION ONhttp://ga6.org/campaign/single_payer/8xu55xnrq73bn7m8? TAKE ACTION ON Help Support Single-Payerhttp://act.peaceactionwest.org/peaceactionwest/issues/alert/?alertid=13626156 TAKE ACTION ON Ask President Obama to put his vision in writing.Obama's Nuclear Posture Review will set US nuclear weapons policy for the next decade, and it's a chance to make the goal of a nuclear weapons free world official US policy.http://capwiz.com/helptheuninsured/issues/alert/?alertid=13632946&type=CO TAKE ACTION ON Tell Congress to Get Health Reform Righthttp://ga3.org/campaign/GEtrees/8egn8w72vjx563dt? TAKE ACTION ON USDA Poised to Approve Widespread, Risky Field Trial of GE Treeshttps://secure3.convio.net/ucs/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=2077 TAKE ACTION ON Share Your Disappointment in Your Representative's Vote Against a Clean Energy Futurehttp://action.earthjustice.org/campaign/kensington_0709/iiui77s4077je68t? TAKE ACTION ON High Court Rules Against Clean Water Protections,But Hope is Not Losthttp://action.lcv.org/campaign/july_gw_no/ix7ng8dz0j7nbeb5? TAKE ACTION ON RE: Support for HR 2454http://momsrising.democracyinaction.org/o/1768/t/1546/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27282 TAKE ACTION ON Tell Congress we want real healthcare reform!http://www.avaaz.org/en/time_to_global_zero/?cl=268553100&v=3599 TAKE ACTION ON Nuclear weapons: Global Zero is cominghttp://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/614/t/8652/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=1178 TAKE ACTION ON Demand Bold Climate Solutionshttp://www.ahrchk.net/ua/support.php?ua=UAC-069-2009 TAKE ACTION ON> PAKISTAN: A young man is tortured and killed by alleged intelligence agents on the UN day against torture> PHILIPPINES: Soldiers threaten, intimidates three labour rights defenders> PAKISTAN: An Air Force personnel arbitrarily detained for 16 months, tortured and retrenched without legal benefits> INDONESIA: Police officers severely torture a man and shoot him, making impossible claims that he had been trying to escape> INDONESIA: Police torture a man after illegally arresting and detaining him twice> THAILAND: Break-ins of cars in Bangkok and threats to human rights defender and family> INDIA: Please provide medical care for the malnourished children not only at the Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre but also within the villages, Madhya Pradesh> INDIA: Murder of Priyokumar and Keshorjit in Chandel, Manipur must be investigated> SRI LANKA: The case of two missing men has still not been investigated almost one year after their abduction by alleged CID agents> Re: PHILIPPINES: Please immediately conduct an investigation into the actions of the Sixth Infantry Division regarding food blockades and house arson in Maguindanaohttp://americasvoiceonline.org/page/speakout/Roadmap TAKE ACTION ON Ask Washington for a Road Map, Now!https://secure2.convio.net/psr/site/Advocacy?pagename=homepage&page=UserAction&id=375&autologin=true&JServSessionIdr010=slanvss251.app7b TAKE ACTION ON Ask Congress to Speak Out for Nuclear Disarmamenthttp://www.truemajority.org/callin/special/house_sen.php?callid=5&district=MS03&email=metricclay@hotmail.com TAKE ACTION ON Call Congress now for a public optionhttp://act.credoaction.com/campaign/climate_bill/?r=4005&id=4695-945900-T0LoK1x TAKE ACTION ON Why did you let Big Coal ruin the climate bill?http://action.americanrightsatwork.org/campaign/chipotle/wnixdeb2r7353w6b? 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Nowhttp://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=JgmA8yVlq9tOgYMSLW5LXw_3d_3d&c=4300540 TAKE ACTION ON Please take a couple minutes to answer a few short questions. Your feedback will help us improve the Divided We Fail coalition – and our communications with you. Your privacy is extremely important to us and your personal information will be kept strictly confidential.June 23, 2009http://www.capwiz.com/freedomworks/issues/alert/?alertid=13580196 TAKE ACTION ON Stop Soda Tax for Government-Run Healthcarehttp://komenpolicy.org/campaign/health_reform1/8kb87id4ojxn7kni? TAKE ACTION ON Make Sure Congress Considers Cancerhttp://www.frontlinedefenders.org/actAct Now!Across the globe human rights defenders face various forms of persecution in their everyday struggle for human rightsIn Honduras an anonymous tip off alerts members of Cofadeh that their Director Bertha Oliva, and other prominent human rights defenders, are on a death list.In Armenia Mr Arshaluys Hakobyan of the Helsinki Association is taken into custody and beaten.In Thailand Ms Angkhana Neelaphaijit who is the chairperson of the Working Group on Justice and Peace (WGJP) and wife of the missing human rights lawyer, Somchai Neelaphaijit, who disappeared on 12 March 2004 in Bangkok, is subjected to an ongoing campaign of harassment and intimidation.These few cases are typical of the thousands of human rights defenders who dedicate their lives and risk their personal security in defence of the rights of others.Your support will help them to create more just and equal societies for all. These are the people with the power to change the world.Send an international appeal and you can help protect human rights defendersHad it not been for Front Line, who would have been my refuge and safety?"- Thompson Ade Bayor, lawyer and human rights defender, LiberiaBecome a Front Line defender sign up to receive Front Line actions, by email.Urgent CasesVietnam: Human rights lawyer Mr Le Cong Dinh arrestedPosted on 2009/06/19Front Line and the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, a joint programme of the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) and the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), express their concern regarding the arbitrary arrest of human rights lawyer Mr. Le Cong Dinh on 13 June 2009.arrest detention Front Line human rights human rights defender Mr Le Cong DinhAsia PacificEthiopia: Threat to civil society from draft anti-terrorism legislation currently before parliamentPosted on 2009/06/19Draft anti-terrorism legislation currently pending before the Ethiopian parliament is a threat to civil society. The current draft of the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation is not in conformity with a number of international human rights norms and, alongside its proclaimed anti-terrorism aim, may become a tool to further silence dissenting voices in the country.anti-terrorism legislation human rights Human Rights DefendersEthiopiaMexico: Intimidating surveillance of members of the Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas in ChiapasPosted on 2009/06/18Recent reports from members of the Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, AC (Frayba) in Chiapas indicate disturbing levels of intimidating surveillance by unidentified individuals between 14 and 16 June 2009.- Frayba Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas Front Line Human Rights DefendersMexicoThe Gambia: Arrest of seven journalists for fighting impunity and expressing press freedom concernsPosted on 2009/06/18The arrest of seven journalists from the Gambia Press Union (GPU) and the newspapers The Point and Foroyaa on 15 June in Banjul highlights the threat to freedom of expression in The Gambia. Those arrested include Mr Emil Touray, GPU general secretary; Ms Sarata Jabbi-Dibba, GPU vice president; Mr Pa Modou Faal, GPU treasurer; Mr Pap Saine and Mr Ebrima Sawaneh, respectively The Point managing editor and news editor; Mr Sam Sarr and Mr Abubacarr Saidykhan, respectively Foroyaa editor and reporter.Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders journalists arrestedIran: Abdolfattah Soltani and other prominent human rights defenders arrested during government clamp-downPosted on 2009/06/18The arrest of human rights lawyer Mr Abdolfattah Soltani on 16 June 2009 during a mass arrest that also included many other human rights defenders raises serious concerns for the security of prominent human rights defenders.arrested Front Line Human Rights Defenders Mr Abdolfattah SoltaniIranHonduras: Death threats against human rights defenders, Ms Bertha Oliva de Nativí, Mr Carlos H Reyes and Mr Rafael AlegríaPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is deeply concerned following reports of harassment, defamation and death threats against human rights defenders Ms Bertha Oliva de Nativí, Mr Carlos H Reyes and Mr Rafael Alegría.death threats Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders Mr Carlos H Reyes Mr Rafael Alegría Ms Bertha Oliva de NativíHondurasMexico: Threats against human rights lawyer Mr Rommel Caín Chacan Pale and his familyPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that human rights defender Mr Rommel Caín Chacan Pale and his family received threats on 5 June 2009. Rommel Caín Chacan Pale is a human rights lawyer and member of the Civil Police Monitor based in Tlapa de Comonfort in the La Montaña region of Guerrero.Front Line human rights human rights defender Mr Rommel Caín Chacan Pale and his family threatsMexicoArmenia: Arrest, beating and detention of human rights defender Mr Arshaluys HakobyanPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that human rights defender, Mr Arshaluys Hakobyan, was arrested and beaten in Kentron District Police Department, Yerevan, on 5 June 2009. Arshaluys Hakobyan is a member of the human rights organisation, Helsinki Association, and the press photographer for their official web site.beating detention Front Line human rights human rights defender Mr Arshaluys HakobyanEurope and Central AsiaUAE: Judicial harassment and travel ban imposed on human rights defender Dr Mohammed al-MansooriPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is concerned following reports that human rights defender Dr Mohammed al-Mansoori was arrested in Abu-Dhabi on 7 June 2009, and also continues to be the subject of a travel ban.Dr. Mohammed al-Mansoori Front Line Annual Report human rights human rights defender judicial harassment travel banUnited Arab Emirates (UAE)Thailand: Intimidation of human rights defender Ms Angkhana NeelaphaijitPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is deeply concerned following reports of the recent intimidation of human rights defender Ms Angkhana Neelaphaijit. Angkhana Neelaphaijit is the chairperson of the Working Group on Justice and Peace (WGJP) and wife of the missing human rights lawyer, Somchai Neelaphaijit, who disappeared on 12 March 2004 in Bangkok.Angkhana Neelaphaijit Front Line human rights human rights defender intimidationThailandThe Philippines: Detention and torture of human rights defenders Mr Rafael Limcumpao, Mr Domingo Alcantara and Mr Archie BathanPosted on 2009/06/15Front Line is deeply concerned following reports of the arbitrary arrest, detention and torture of the human rights defenders Mr Archie Bathan, Mr Rafael Limcumpao and Mr Domingo Alcantara, in Samal, Bataan on 27 May 2009.detention Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders Mr Archie Bathan Mr Domingo Alcantara Rafael Limcumpao torturePhilippinesIndia/Shillong Meghalaya: Harassment, assault and threats against human rights defender Ms Hasina KharbhihPosted on 2009/06/04Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that human rights defender, Ms Hasina Kharbhih, was assaulted and threatened on her way to the District Council Court in Shillong Meghalaya, on 28 May 2009. Hasina Kharbhih is the team leader of Impulse NGO Network which works to combat human trafficking in North East India.Front Line harassment Hasina Kharbhih human rights human rights defender Impulse NGO Network intimidationIndiaIsrael: Judicial harassment of Israeli human rights defender Mr Ezra NawiPosted on 2009/06/03Front Line is concerned following reports of the judicial harassment of Israeli human rights defender, Mr Ezra Nawi, who has been accused of assaulting an Israeli border police officer.Ezra Nawi Front Line human rights human rights defender judicial harassmentIsraelIndia/Tamil Nadu: human rights defender Mr Marimuthu Barathan arrested on false accusations of murderPosted on 2009/06/03Front Line would like to express its grave concern in relation to reports of the arrest and detention of human rights defender Mr Marimuthu Barathan, and of false charges of murder that have been brought against him on 27 May 2009.arrest false accusations of murder Front Line human rights human rights defender Tamil NaduIndiaKenya: Murder of human rights defender, Mr Joab Murefu WanyonyiPosted on 2009/06/02Front Line strongly condemns the murder of human rights defender, Mr Joab Murefu Wanyonyi by two armed men, on 21 May 2009, at Kanduyi junction, 2 kilometres from Bungoma town.Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders Joab Murefu Wanyonyi MurderKenyaTunisia: Harassment of human rights lawyer, Ms Radhia NasraouiPosted on 2009/05/29Front Line is deeply concerned following reports of the ongoing harassment of human rights defender Ms Radhia Nasraoui. Radhia Nasraoui is a human rights lawyer and chairperson of the Association de lutte contre la torture en Tunisie, ALTT (Association against torture in Tunisia).Front Line harassment human rights human rights defender Radhia NasraouiTunisiaMexico: Death threats against human rights defender and journalist Ms Lydia Cacho RibeiroPosted on 2009/05/29Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that human rights defender and journalist, Ms Lydia Cacho Ribeiro, has recently been under surveillance by unknown armed men and has also been receiving death threats.death threats Front Line human rights human rights defendere intimidation LGBTI rights Ms Lydia Cacho Ribeiro surveillanceMexicoNigeria: Threats against members of Global Rights and Development InternationalPosted on 2009/05/29Front Line is concerned following reports that human rights defenders Rev Engr Rufus Duru, Dr Donatus Akubueze, Mr Remigius Alakwem and Rev John Ugwu have recently been the target of repeated physical attacks, threats and intimidation.Development International Front Line Global Rights harassment human rights Human Rights Defenders intimidationNigeriaTurkey: Human rights defender Ms Filiz Kalayci re-arrestedPosted on 2009/05/29Front Line is concerned following reports that human rights lawyer, Ms Filiz Kalayci, was arrested on 27 May 2009. Filiz Kalayci has been working on human rights violations in prisons and on the improvement of prison conditions. She is a member of the executive committee of the Human Rights Association (IHD).arrest Front Line human rights defender human rights lawyer inspection of prisons Ms Filiz KalayciTurkeyPadre Tamayo - HondurasPosted on 2009/05/28Padre Tamayo is one of the leaders of the Environmental Movement of Olancho (MAO) in Honduras. MAO wants to prevent the illegal stripping of the forests which results in the drying up of the rivers and the impoverishment of the land. Because they challenge powerful economic interests the members of MAO are regularly targeted. In 2007 Heraldo Zuñiga and Roger Ivan Cartagena were assassinated. Rene Gradis Coordinator of Mao has survived two attempts on his life while Padre Tamayo who is Advisor to the group has a contract of $40,000 on his head.Front Line Honduras human rights Human Rights Defenders Padre TamayoHondurasBertha Oliva - HondurasPosted on 2009/05/27On the night of 3 July 2008, unknown individuals entered the offices of COFADEH (the Committee for Families of the Disappeared and Detainees) and vandalised the office, taking laptop computers and documents relating to current human rights cases.Bertha Oliva Front Line Honduras human rights Human Rights DefendersHondurasShikhine Brahim - Western SaharaPosted on 2009/05/26Front Line is deeply concerned by the news of the on-going detention of Saharwi human rights defender Shikhin Brahim. According to information received, as Front Line was visiting the region, on 21 September 2008, a group of Western Saharan activists, which included human rights defenders, organised a peaceful demonstration in the town of Smara, following which the Moroccan security services launched a campaign of arbitrary arrests of several defenders and attacked several homes. While Front Line welcomes the release of nearly all of those arrested, Shikhine Brahim reportedly remains in detention at the El-Áaiun prison. Shikhine Brahim is a school student and member of the Committee for The Protection of Human Rights in Smara, Western Sahara.Front Line human rights human rights defender Shikhin Brahim Western SaharaWestern SaharaLachit Bordoloi - IndiaPosted on 2009/05/26Lachit Bordoloi is a journalist and adviser of Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti (MASS), an organisation working to defend human rights in the Assam region. With other representatives of civil society he was invited to join the People’s Committee for Peace Initiatives in Assam (PCPIA) and is a member of the People’s Consultative Group (PCG), an organisation set up to initiate peace discussions between the Indian Government and the United Liberation Front of Assam.Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders India Lachit BordoloiIndiaHebal Abel Koloy - IndiaPosted on 2009/05/26Hebal Abel Koloy is Chairperson of the Borok People’s Human Rights Organisation (BPHRO), which protects the rights of the Borok indigenous people of Tripura. He has been very vocal about atrocities and human rights abuses and has spoken at various international fora. He has been targeted because of the pressure this brought on the Government.Front Line Hebal Abel Koloy human rights Human Rights Defenders IndiaIndiaDinko Gruhonic - SerbiaPosted on 2009/05/26Human rights defenders in Serbia believe that right wing Serbian nationalists have not given up their territorial and political ambitions and that their next target will be the multi ethnic areas such as Vojvodina, traditionally one of the most progressive and tolerant areas of Serbia.Dinko Gruhonic Front Line. human rights Human Rights Defenders SerbiaSerbiaMajda Puača - SerbiaPosted on 2009/05/26In Serbia members of the gay and lesbian community who speak out publicly are targeted by the media and run the risk of physical attack. Majda Puača is a member of Queer Belgrade. There has been no Gay Pride in Belgrade since 2001 because of the risk of violence. Since then Queer Belgrade has organised a Queer Festival which is not publicised in the media to avoid the risk of violence. The purpose is to create a safe space in which gay and lesbian people can collect safely.Front Line human rights human rights defender Majda Puača SerbiaSerbiaAl-Amin Kimathi - KenyaPosted on 2009/05/26Al-Amin Kimathi is the Executive Coordinator of the Muslim Human Rights Forum which was set up in 2005 to work on human rights issues relevant to the Muslim community in Kenya. With the escalation of the war in Somalia, the influx of Somali refugees and the clamp down on members of the Muslim community in the name of the “war on terror”, rendition became the key issue.Al-Amin Kimathi Front Line human rights Human Rights Defenders KenyaKenyaNjeri Kabeberi - KenyaPosted on 2009/05/26Njeri Kabeberi is the Executive of Director for the Centre for Multi Party Democracy in Nairobi. The CMD-Kenya works to build the capacity and organisational structure of political parties as a way of underpinning democracy and human rights.Front Line human rights human rights defender Kenya Njeri KabeberiKenyaMexico: Detention and assault of LGBTI human rights defenders Mr Jaime Lopez Vela and Mr Agustín Estrada NegretePosted on 2009/05/25Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that LGBTI human rights defenders, Mr Jaime Lopez Vela and Mr Agustín Estrada Negrete, were arrested and physically assaulted by police in the State of Mexico on 7 May 2009, and that Agustín Estrada Negrete was also sexually assaulted.Agustin Estraeda Negrete arrest Front Line Human Rights Defenders Jaime Lopez Vela LGBTI Mexico physical assaultMexicoDRC: Murder of brother of human rights defender, Ms Anicette Kabala, and intimidation and death threats against herPosted on 2009/05/22Front Line is deeply concerned following reports that human rights defender Ms Anicette Kabala has been the subject of intimidation and death threats and that her brother, Lupango Kabala, was murdered in their home in the town of Kalemie, Katanga province, on 8 May 2009.death threats DRC Front Line human rights human rights defender intimidation Ms Anicette KabalaDemocratic Republic of Congomore

#587 Humans are full of ugly and horrible secrets, pride, fear, shame.....

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 6, 2009 at 3:28am

#587 Humans are full of ugly and horrible secrets, pride, fear, shame..............you don't see that we don't have a choice do you? We don't remain isolated and alone by choice. Relationships are of love, lust, infatuation or emotional or financial dependence. There are a few more but that is the reality of it. Rich men marry for lust and prestige a beautiful wife, a trophy wife while beautiful women reach there pinnacle by marrying for wealth and fame. All to often we see the old gnarly rich and powerful guy with this babe beside them. This isn't the point, what the point is, is that relationships can also be adversarial. We expect the significant other to not change to much or to fast or feel ashamed of them. There is an entire divorce system with divorce lawyers, counselors and judges making a living on these truths/facts.As TI's we are sabotaged in every way. We become poorer our health declines we are under constant assault. The strong man is made weak the beautiful woman made ugly the wealthy made poor. It is more than enough to cause love and support to turn to detachment and an adversarial situation. Only a partner who can really see the world for what it is and possibly understands the assault we are under could weather our destruction and stand by us. It is human nature to jump off a sinking ship. Even if they do hang in there they can become targeted along with the kids and other family members. It isn't a healthy situation. My children have stuck by me, they have for me like I have for them an instinctual love and attachment. They used that love actually in the forced suicide to try and get me to commit suicide, the most hurtful thing I ever experienced in my life and I'm sure they studied it.I'm happy you aren't under going this though and you shouldn't be, our attachments are under attack, coworkers, employer, friends, family. They are cutting right to our primal influences and attempting to sever all relationships that we have. There are so many things about ourselves that most people don't want to look at or really understand, they are ugly.With V2K and millimeter wave they experiment with action and reaction, they understand our prejudices, they understand all of our weaknesses, fears, loves, lusts, jealousies and hatreds. We are full of ugly and horrible defects. We are left raw and exposed, we have no secrets, only excepting these faults and defects can we live with the assault and ourselves. There is no pride, there is no shame all is exposed we are stripped bare. Maybe that is why they call it the voice of GOD when used in combination with millimeter wave to measure the response of our breathing and heart rates to all situations, thoughts and ideas, but it isn't God at all.Peter Rosenholm

#586 perp gang sign, tactics and law enforcement

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 5, 2009 at 2:46pm

#586 perp gang sign, tactics and law enforcementFor anyone out there that does still have a partner, isolating you means they will surveillance you and tell you significant other any and all things you might say where venting, joking or whatever. I found the same cop who came to pick up porno and gun magazines with a cops name address on them put on my trash and then came to get rid of the evidence without filing a police report, was also the same one who showed up to start a huge augment when I got a restraining order on my wife during my divorce. He was also involved in a staged attack and false arrest that fell apart on the police. He later got a group of perps to jump me. This cop(Hurley) I found out lived across the street from my brother-in-law. The approving officer of the staged attack and false arrest grew up across the street from my in-laws and the two families were friends, go on vacation together type friends, parents and their daughters and my x-wife.My x-wife had forged my name on my checks steeling money from my personal account. I only had a personnel account because she stole all the money out of our joint account. Police covered for her and allow all this. They even had the phone tapped at my company and broke into it. They must have whispered in her ear until they destroyed my marriage long before I have knew I was a target. I got the restraining order because she had stabbed me with a wooden skewer. she then wanted a divorce and had police showing up and calling me to tell me what I could and couldn't do. She would walk into me and try to instigate fights so I was living in the upper apartment with one child while she had police calling me saying I couldn't lock the door at night. She then would come up and walk around me at night while I was sleeping. I have pictures she took while doing it to prove it.If you are in a relationship see that you and your partner have no secrets. Tell the about what they did to me. Tell them if someone is bad mouthing you behind your back to not hide it and expose the satanic game being played.She used to say she was waiting for me to be a millionaire and then she would divorce me. In the end her and the police tried to take everything I owned and she was to greedy and stupid to know she was being played.At this point I'll bet she was screwing the cops to boot because she wasn't having sex with me. her friend across the streets husband I now recall hung out at a gas station in the square where this cop (Hurley) was able to hang out at while drinking and smoking pot. I also remember her husband and my next door neighbor getting in a fight, something about her friends husband shining his house spot light at my next door neighbors house at night(brightening/spotlighting). So this cop must have been recruiting these people to be perps and teaching them these methods.I wonder how much each of these perps knew? I wonder how much my x-wife knew? Do they know they are being trained in community harassment techniques for law enforcement? They are all fools and will probably be made to screw each other over in the end. I now know more perps than I have fingers and towes."Remember they all had a tattoo on the inside of their lip". "This may be how they know who each other is".Peter Rosenholm

The energy we give off

Posted by SheriGrutz on July 4, 2009 at 7:07pm

My aunt Kathy was dying of cancer, and I went over to visit her with her daughter, my cousin. We visited for awhile, and then my cousin and I went out for some fun that evening. Later, about 5 or 6 hours later, my aunt was dead.My parents went to visit my ailing uncle in the hospital, and I guess it was a nice visit. Later, about 6 hours later, my uncle died.I do not know for sure, of course, but my feeling is that the direct energy we give off is deadly and causes ill people to pass away. I should probably never become a nurse, a doctor or anything like that.

Some things about satellite surveillance

Posted by SheriGrutz on July 4, 2009 at 6:51pm

Long about the time that I realized I was a target, my parents used to tell me that their teenage son would get the one ring phone calls that were from his girlfriend that meant that he should call her, and he denied this and of course they didn't believe him, and still don't, they are in active denial of anything related to this. What that is is satellite telephone, like a back current that makes your phone ring and no one is there, it is computer-generated, I get this too, I get it just about everywhere I go: the grocery store, at work, other places. Its the same thing that makes street lights go off when we are near them. So, its safe to say that my parents are also targeted. They have fought with the static on their phone, and will never admit that its anything other than what the phone company can fix. The static on the phone is from the satellite telephone, its from eavesdropping on us, tracking us, monitoring us. They have bought many phones to remedy the situation, never in a million years will they believe that we are all targeted. I thought at one time that I had them, the bad guys. My mother's Buick had a built-in security detection system and when I pulled into their garage with this car, the lights started flashing, as if someone was trying to break in. I thought it was detecting the satellite. I went crazy for awhile and even called the police, but no one answered there and I didn't leave a message.The radio and television are watching us through this surveillance, and its insane what its like, like having someone right there mocking your last thought, or dream. Its a nightmare really. All of these people are a part of the surveillance because they are actively on the receiving end, its like it takes two people to make a form of communication, well, they are the 3rd party, the second party goes into some government complex for unknown purposes, the 3rd party gets the knowledge as it happens too, only doesn't have a purpose, only to know something that is important, namely, OUR LIVES. Really, I am the first party of everything and what I say, do, think, act, dream becomes some kind of feed that the receiving parties can then react to, use, destroy, feed off of or discard. The receiving parties know that this is just life, but they are often times startled and stunned and want to find reasons for the surveillance, as if we are all criminals and deserve such treatment, they look at us like caged animals or prisons who can't be trusted, they have seen our dreams, come on!

Finding freedom

Posted by SheriGrutz on July 3, 2009 at 4:19pm

This is the landI raked free ofgrasses in the backof my mindand buried a fewspeeches and datesand poems thatnow are loston the weeds andthe bugs and thedays that re-arrangeall that was here.America, have Iforgotten that youwere written in coldblood, lost as a mitten?The thoughts are nolonger frozen but thawthrough the 4th anddecompose like bodies.I forget all I learned,what made it so good,nothing in the back of mymind but the implant.

#585 Another Bill Against Illegal Chip Implants passed by California, North Dakota and Wisconsin

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 3, 2009 at 1:12am

#585 Another Bill Against Illegal Chip Implants passed by California, North Dakota and WisconsinThe Bill anticipates everything -- employers compelling implantation as a condition of employment; the use of threats and coercion to keep implantees silent; attempts at sidestepping prosecution by claiming that the Statute of Limitations has expired; attempts at eluding detection by implanting children without the parents' knowledge or permission; etc. etc. Very nice.This went to the PA House State Government Committee in early April 2009. According to PA House news releases on June 19th, it's now cleared that Committee and has been moved to the floor of the full House for a vote.Note in the following excerpt from one of these news releases that these Pennsylvania legislators got their ideas from similar legislation passed in California, North Dakota and Wisconsin.http://www.pahouse.com/WeekinReview/09/000061909.asp================="The House State Government Committee has approved a bill (H.B. 1175) introduced by state Rep. Babette Josephs that would prohibit a person from requiring, coercing or compelling another person to be surgically tagged with an identification device. Currently, Pennsylvania has no law prohibiting the forced implantation of identification devices, though Josephs said that numerous threats to personal health, privacy and civil liberty had been brought to the nation's attention by other states. California, North Dakota and Wisconsin have already passed legislation to create civil penalties and cause for action for damages resulting from such coerced procedures."=================

Those responsible for torture, murder, financial crimes.. IRS TAX Form to investigate the perpetrator

Posted by ron on July 2, 2009 at 9:54pm

The USA wants the money that was stolen returned.The most powerful legal lawyers in the USA- The Internal Revenue Service- USE THIS FORM to have your perp investigated and brought to justiceIRS Tax fraud investigation form for those who have tortured, murdered, and stolen money from good Americans as well as the Internal Revenue Service.Use This Form from the IRS to report those that have stolen money from you as well as the IRS and countless others:https://peacepink.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2351430%3AUploadedFi38%3A20386Has the perpetrator who is direted energy victimizing you reported the income to the Federal Govt? Or has it been stolen from you and moved offshore to a foreing bank?Those using directed energy weapons for profit will now be looked at very close. Mind control weapons used to steal money and assets from Americahttp://snardfarker.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2649739%3AUploadedFi38%3A76902

Those using directed energy weapons for profit will now be looked at very close. Mind control weapons used to steal money and assets from America

Posted by ron on July 2, 2009 at 8:40pm

The USA wants the money that was stolen returned.Those using directed energy weapons for profit will now be looked at very close. Mind control weapons used to steal money and assets from Americahttp://snardfarker.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2649739%3AUploadedFi38%3A76902

#584 Pa USA's Bill against illegal chip implants

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 2, 2009 at 6:14pm

#584 Pa USA's Bill against illegal chip implantshttp://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=PDF&sessYr=2009&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=B&billNbr=1175&pn=1404PRINTER'S NO. 1404THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF PENNSYLVANIAHOUSE BILLNo. 1175 Session of2009INTRODUCED BY JOSEPHS, RAPP, ROAE, CREIGHTON, REICHLEY, FRANKEL,GIBBONS, GEORGE, DENLINGER, KAUFFMAN, KORTZ, MELIO, PRESTON,WHEATLEY AND YOUNGBLOOD, APRIL 3, 2009REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON STATE GOVERNMENT, APRIL 3, 2009AN ACTProviding for identification devices and for subcutaneousimplanting; and imposing civil penalties.The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvaniahereby enacts as follows:Section 1. Short title.This act shall be known and may be cited as theIdentification Device Act.Section 2. Definitions.The following words and phrases when used in this act shallhave the meanings given to them in this section unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise:"Identification device." Any item, application or productthat is passively or actively capable of transmitting personalinformation, including, but not limited to, devices using radiofrequency technology."Person." An individual, business association, partnership,limited partnership, corporation, limited liability company,trust, estate, cooperative association or other entity."Personal information." Includes any of the following dataelements to the extent that they are used alone or inconjunction with any other information used to identify anindividual:(1) First or last name.(2) Address.(3) Telephone number.(4) E-mail, Internet protocol or Internet websiteaddress.(5) Date of birth.(6) Driver's license number or State identification cardnumber.(7) Bank, credit card or other financial institutionaccount number.(8) Any unique personal identifier contained or encodedon a health insurance, health benefit or benefit card orrecord issued in conjunction with any government-supportedaid program.(9) Religion.(10) Ethnicity or nationality.(11) Photograph.(12) Fingerprint or other biometric identifier.(13) Social Security number.(14) Any unique personal identifier."Require, coerce or compel." Includes physical violence,threat, intimidation, retaliation, the conditioning of anyprivate or public benefit or care on consent to implantation,including employment, promotion or other employment benefit, orby any means that causes a reasonable person of ordinary20090HB1175PN1404 - 2 -susceptibilities to acquiesce to implantation when the personotherwise would not."Subcutaneous." Existing, performed or introduced under oron the skin.Section 3. General rule.A person shall not require, coerce or compel any otherindividual to undergo the subcutaneous implanting of anidentification device.Section 4. Penalties.(1) Any person who violates this act is subject to civilpenalties of up to $10,000. The civil penalty shall be nomore than $1,000 for each day the violation continues untilthe deficiency is corrected. That civil penalty may beassessed and recovered in a civil action brought in any courtof competent jurisdiction. The court may also grant aprevailing plaintiff reasonable attorney fees and litigationcosts, including, but not limited to, expert witness fees andexpenses as part of the costs.(2) A person who is implanted with a subcutaneousidentification device in violation of this act may bring acivil action for actual damages, compensatory damages,punitive damages, injunctive relief, any combination of thoseor any other appropriate relief.(3) Punitive damages may also be awarded upon proof ofthe defendant's malice, oppression, fraud or duress inrequiring, coercing or compelling the plaintiff to undergothe subcutaneous implanting of an identification device.Section 5. Limitations.(1) An action brought pursuant to this section shall becommenced within three years of the date upon which the20090HB1175PN1404 - 3 -identification device was implanted.(2) If the victim was a dependent adult or minor whenthe implantation occurred, actions brought pursuant to thissection shall be commenced within three years after the datethe plaintiff, or the plaintiff's guardian or parent,discovered or reasonably should have discovered the implant,or within eight years after the plaintiff attains the age ofmajority, whichever date occurs later.(3) The statute of limitations shall not run against adependent adult or minor plaintiff simply because a guardianad litem has been appointed. A guardian ad litem's failure tobring a plaintiff's action within the applicable limitationperiod will not prejudice the plaintiff's right to do so.(4) A defendant is estopped to assert a defense of thestatute of limitations when the expiration of the statute isdue to conduct by the defendant inducing the plaintiff todelay filing of the action, or due to threats made by thedefendant causing duress upon the plaintiff.Section 6. Restitution.Any restitution paid by the defendant to the victim shall becredited against any judgment, award or settlement obtainedpursuant to this section. Any judgment, award or settlementobtained pursuant to an action under this section shall besubject to the provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. (relating to Judiciaryand Judicial Procedure).Section 7. Privacy.The provisions of this act shall be liberally construed so asto protect privacy and bodily integrity.Section 8. Independent action.Actions brought pursuant to this act are independent of any20090HB1175PN1404 - 4 -other actions, remedies or procedures that may be available toan aggrieved party pursuant to any other law.Section 9. Existing law.This section shall not in any way modify existing statutoryor case law regarding the rights of parents or guardians, therights of children or minors or the rights of dependent adults.Section 10. Effective date.This act shall take effect in 60 days.20090HB1175PN1404 - 5 -

#584 Jim Guest of Mo USA bill Against Illegal Chip Implants

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 2, 2009 at 5:38pm

#584 Jim Guest of Mo USA bill Against Illegal Chip Implantshttp://www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills091/biltxt/intro/HB0550I.htmFIRST REGULAR SESSIONHOUSE BILL NO. 55095TH GENERAL ASSEMBLYINTRODUCED BY REPRESENTATIVES GUEST (Sponsor), RUESTMAN, McGHEE, PACE, SCHAAF AND SANDER (Co-sponsors).1069L.01I D. ADAM CRUMBLISS, Chief ClerkAN ACTTo amend chapter 537, RSMo, by adding thereto one new section relating to actions for damages for coerced subcutaneous implantation of an identification device.Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the state of Missouri, as follows:Section A. Chapter 537, RSMo, is amended by adding thereto one new section, to be known as section 537.043, to read as follows:537.043. 1. As used in this section, the following terms shall mean:(1) "Identification device", any item, application, or product that is passively or actively capable of transmitting personal information, including but not limited to, devices using radio frequency technology or any electronic device used to track, harass, or download information without permission;(2) "Person", an individual, business association, partnership, limited partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, estate, cooperative association, or other entity;(3) "Personal information", includes any of the following data elements to the extent they are used alone or in conjunction with any other information used to identify an individual:(a) E-mail, internet protocol, or web site address;(b) Date of birth;(c) Driver's license number or Missouri identification card number;(d) Any unique personal identifier number contained or encoded on a driver's license or identification card issued;(e) Bank, credit card, or other financial institution account number;(f) Any unique personal identifier contained or encoded on a health insurance, health benefit, or benefit card or record issued in conjunction with any government-supported aid program;(g) Religion;(h) Ethnicity or nationality;(i) Photograph;(j) Fingerprint or other biometric identifier;(k) Social Security number;(l) Any other unique personal identifier;(4) "Require, coerce, or compel", includes physical violence, threat, intimidation, retaliation, the conditioning of any private or public benefit or care on consent to implantation, including employment, promotion, or other employment benefit, or by any means that causes a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to acquiesce to implantation when he or she otherwise would not, but does not include legitimate medical uses for which the patient or his or her guardian or parent has consented;(5) "Subcutaneous", existing, performed, or introduced under or on the skin.2. A person shall not require, coerce, or compel any other individual to undergo the subcutaneous implanting of an identification device.3. Any person who violates the provisions of subsection 2 of this section may be assessed an initial civil penalty of no more than ten thousand dollars and no more than one thousand dollars for each day the violation continues until the deficiency is corrected. That civil penalty may be assessed and recovered in a civil action brought in any court of competent jurisdiction. The court may also grant a prevailing plaintiff reasonable attorney's fees and litigation costs, including but not limited to, expert witness fees and expenses as part of the costs.4. A person who is implanted with a subcutaneous identification device in violation of the provisions of subsection 2 of this section may bring a civil action for actual damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, any combination of those, or any other appropriate relief.5. Additionally, punitive damages may also be awarded upon proof of the defendant's malice, oppression, fraud, or duress in requiring, coercing, or compelling the plaintiff to undergo the subcutaneous implanting of an identification device.6. An action brought under this section shall be commenced within three years of the date upon which the identification device was implanted.7. If the victim was an incompetent, a dependent adult, or minor when the implantation occurred, actions brought under this section shall be commenced within three years after the date the plaintiff, or his or her guardian or parent, discovered or reasonably should have discovered the implant, or within eight years after the plaintiff attains the age of majority, whichever date occurs later.8. The statute of limitations shall not run against an incompetent, a dependent adult, or minor plaintiff simply because a guardian ad litem has been appointed. A guardian ad litem's failure to bring a plaintiff's action within the applicable limitation period will not prejudice the plaintiff's right to do so.9. A defendant is estopped from asserting a defense of the statute of limitations when the expiration of the statute is due to conduct by the defendant inducing the plaintiff to delay the filing of the action, or due to threats made by the defendant causing duress upon the plaintiff.10. For purposes of implantation only, any interested person may file a petition for an order or judgment declaring an incompetent or minor free from the control of a parent or guardian who is requiring or preventing implantation of an identification device. The court shall consider that petition in light of applicable law with respect to the best interests of the incompetent or minor.11. Any restitution paid by the defendant to the victim shall be credited against any judgment, award, or settlement obtained under this section.12. The provisions of this section shall be liberally construed so as to protect privacy and bodily integrity.13. Actions brought under this section are independent of any other actions, remedies, or procedures that may be available to an aggrieved party under any other law.14. The provisions of this section shall not in any way modify existing statutory or case law regarding the rights of parents or guardians, the rights of children or minors, or the rights of dependent adults.•

#583 MTV's The Hills Stars"Heidi Montag & Spencer Pratt" on The Alex Jones Show Utube

Posted by treelaw45 TI on July 2, 2009 at 4:59am

#583 MTV's The Hills Stars"Heidi Montag & Spencer Pratt" on The Alex Jones Show UtubeThis came down off of another groupMTV's The Hills Stars"Heidi Montag & Spencer Pratt" on The Alex Jones ShowYoutubeJuly 01, 2009Alex welcomes reality MTV stars Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag to discuss their awakening to the New World Order.1/5http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=jyMA8WnRRrs2/5http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=yq4ds7UhOaI3/5http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=gXIcAZYdGwI4/5http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=i44o6reC7_ c5/5http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=3aV7R_BFnkoRelated:------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -Hollywood Gossip Websites Cover Appearance of Pratts on Alex Jones' ShowIinfowars | It took didn't take long for the corporate media gossip machine to crank out hit pieces aimed at Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag Pratt after they appeared on the Alex Jones Show.http://www.infowars .com/hollywood- gossip-websites- cover-appearance -of-pratts- on-alex-jones- show/

#581 We are close to the event horizon

Posted by treelaw45 TI on June 30, 2009 at 6:11pm

#581 We are close to the event horizonIt might be true for the moment that those that care about us are at risk for vicarious trama if they believe in our torture. It hurts them to think we are being hurt and tormented. It is easier and safer for them to ingone it or beleive it isn't happening.As more and more of us speak up though this crime will enter the mind set of the public. When they begin to hear of others saying the same thing it will be easier for them to accept.I was reading about Martin Luther King the orther day in connection with COINTELPRO and the similarities were all to apparent. They recorded his private life and sent him a tape recording of him having an affair in a hotel room and told him to kill himself. They tried everything in the world to stop him from uniting people in peacful demonstrations. Someone stabbed him and then he was of course sabotaged and then assassinated.Now look at who we have for president and a man elected by citizen campaign donations at that. Not sponsored be the wealthy and powerful. If there is a chance to expose the level of surveillance and control on the common man it is now, before it is to late, while the Internet is still open and free. We are close to the event horizon, the point of no return to the end of individual rights, it's now or possibley never.Peter Rosenholm

Pastor welcomes guns in church Unloaded weapons allowed at event celebrating Second Amendment, Southern Proverty Law Center Active U.S. Hate Groups, Intelligence Report Invisible Empire

Posted by Metric Clay on June 30, 2009 at 1:12am

MSN Tracking ImageMSNBC.comhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31586660/ns/us_news-faith/?GT1=43001Pastor welcomes guns in churchUnloaded weapons allowed at event celebrating Second AmendmentThe Associated Pressupdated 11:27 p.m. CT, Sat., June 27, 2009LOUISVILLE, Ky. - A gun-toting Kentucky pastor says it's OK to bring weapons to church — at least for one day.Ken Pagano asked his flock to bring their unloaded handguns — in holsters — to New Bethel Church in Louisville for a celebration of the Second Amendment of the U.S. Consitution that guarantees the right to bear arms.More than 200 people answered his call. There was just one rule for the several dozen who brought their guns along: No bullets."We are wanting to send a message that there are legal, civil, intelligent and law-abiding citizens who also own guns," Pagano said during the 90-minute event, which was open to the public. "If it were not for a deep-seated belief in the right to bear arms, this country would not be here today," he told the crowd, drawing hearty applause and exclamations of "Amen!"The "Open Carry Celebration" included a handgun raffle, patriotic music and screening of gun safety videos. Some gun owners carried old-fashioned six-shooters in leather holsters, while others packed modern police-style firearms. Kentucky allows residents to openly carry guns in public with some restrictions."I just believe in the right to protect ourselves," said Liz Boyer, who had a bright pink Glock in a black holster at her side. The 41-year-old isn't a member of the church but teaches a class on gun safety for women at a local range.Brittany Rogers, 23, feared guns as a child. But her fiance encouraged her to go sport shooting with him about a year ago, and she said she has been hooked ever since. On Saturday, she brought her tiny Kel-Tec P-32 to church."It was a fear of the unknown," Rogers said, "but now I love it."Pagano's Protestant church, which attracts up to 150 people to Sunday services in a conservative neighborhood of southwest Louisville, belongs to the Assemblies of God. He thought up the event after some church members expressed concern about members of President Barack Obama administration's views on gun control, though the president hasn't moved to put new restrictions on ownership.Across town, a coalition of peace and church groups concerned about Pagano's appeal to gun owners staged their own gun-free event."I think when people first learned about this invitation to wear guns to church, many people were deeply troubled," said Terry Taylor, one of the organizers. "The idea of wearing guns to churches or any sacred space I think many people find deeply troubling."Pagano's event also troubled his church's longtime insurance carrier, which declined to insure the event and informed him it won't renew the policy. He found a new carrier at a cost of $700 for the day, but guns had to be unloaded.Despite that snag, he said the event went off without a hitch. Asked what type of gun he himself was carrying, he smiled and touched a bulge on his hip."Cell phone," he said.Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.URL: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31586660/ns/us_news-faith/?GT1=43001MSN Privacy . Legal© 2009 MSNBC.comActive U.S. Hate GroupsStand Strong Against HateJoin people across the nation who are standing strong against hate. Add yourself to our map as a voice for tolerance.The Southern Poverty Law Center counted 926 active hate groups in the United States in 2008. Only organizations and their chapters known to be active during 2008 are included.All hate groups have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics.This list was compiled using hate group publications and websites, citizen and law enforcement reports, field sources and news reports.Hate group activities can include criminal acts, marches, rallies, speeches, meetings, leafleting or publishing. Websites appearing to be merely the work of a single individual, rather than the publication of a group, are not included in this list. Listing here does not imply a group advocates or engages in violence or other criminal activity. Download a PDF of the entire map.Intelligence ReportSummer 2009http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=1052#EditorialResurgence on the RightBy Mark Potok, EditornullAs the first months of the Obama Administration unfold, a growing consensus is emerging that a resurgence of right-wing hate groups and radical ideas is spreading across the United States. Law enforcement officials, civil rights groups, and many others have all expressed worries about this troubling trend.This February, in the last issue of the Intelligence Report, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported on the continued growth of hate groups, whose numbers have risen by more than 50% since 2000. It attributed that growth mainly to fears about non-white immigration, but pointed out that the rise of a black man to the White House also appears to have contributed. And it said the ongoing economic meltdown, which some have already blamed on racial minorities and undocumented Latino immigrants, could well add to a worsening situation.Two months later, a Department of Homeland Security report, "Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment," was leaked to the press. Dated April 7, the report mirrored many of the conclusions of the SPLC and added that "rightwing extremists [could] attempt to recruit and radicalize returning [military] veterans." (The Report has written extensively about the problem of extremists in the military.)Already, there is evidence of the violence that an expansion of the radical right may portend. Some of it is chilling.* In late April, a man shot to death two Okaloosa County, Fla., sheriff's deputies responding to a domestic disturbance call. Officials said Joshua Cartwright was interested in militia groups and that his wife told police that he was "severely disturbed" by Obama's election.* Three days before the DHS report was issued, a gunman in Pittsburgh killed three police officers. Internet postings by the suspect in the months before the murders suggest the man was motivated by racist and anti-Semitic ideology, antigovernment conspiracy theories, and a fear that Obama would pass confiscatory gun laws.* Around the same time, a Marine who had earlier been arrested for armed robberies near Camp Lejeune, N.C., was indicted for threatening Obama. Kody Brittingham's journal allegedly contained neo-Nazi propaganda and a plan to assassinate the then president-elect.* On Jan. 21, the day after Obama's inauguration, a white man in Brockton, Mass., allegedly murdered two black people and planned to kill as many Jews as he could that night. Police said the man told them he'd been reading white supremacist websites and believed that whites were facing a genocide.* Last December, a woman who had just shot her husband to death in Belfast, Maine, told police that James Cummings was "very upset" with Obama's election, had been in touch with white supremacist groups, and had talked of building a "dirty bomb" chock full of deadly radioactive materials. Police found many of the components for that bomb, along with an application for the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement filled out by Cummings.* And in late October, two racist skinheads were arrested in Tennessee and charged in connection with an alleged plot to murder more than 100 black Americans, beheading some of them, and then to assassinate Obama.The government report was met with howls of outrage from pundits, politicians and others on the right who characterized it as an attack on conservatives and veterans — an absurd contention for anyone who actually read the document.Televangelist Pat Robertson, the gay-bashing founder of the Christian Coalition, even said the DHS report "shows somebody down in the bowels of that organization is either a convinced left winger or somebody whose sexual orientation is somewhat in question."These expressions of anger were disingenuous at best. The reality is that many of these same people have done their best to pour fuel on the flames of incipient antigovernment fury, feeding the same kind of white-hot popular anger that animated the militia movement of the 1990s, with all its violence.MSNBC commentator Pat Buchanan recently said Obama would face a "bloodbath" if he legalized undocumented workers. U.S. Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.) fears Obama will set up "re-education camps for young people." U.S. Rep. Spencer Bachus (R-Ala.) warns there are 17 "socialists" in the Congress. FOX News' Glenn Beck calls Obama a fascist, a Nazi and a Marxist, and even refloated militia-era conspiracy theories about secret concentration camps for patriots.People like Beck — who described himself as a mere "rodeo clown" when he was called out on such statements — may be craven opportunists pandering for ratings. It really doesn't matter. Their lunatic rants, planted in the rich soil of social discontent, make it that much harder for our country to advance toward a better future.You can support Wikipedia by making a tax-deductible donation.Ku Klux Klanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan&printable=yesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search"KKK" redirects here. For other uses, see KKK (disambiguation).This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page.* Its introduction may be too long. Tagged since May 2009.* It may be too long. Some content may need to be summarized or split. Tagged since April 2009.* It may need a complete rewrite to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since April 2009.Semi-protectedKu Klux KlanIn Existence1st Klan 1865–1870s2nd Klan 1915–19443rd Klan1 since 1946Members1st Klan 550,0002nd Klan 4,000,000[1] (1924 Peak)PropertiesOrigin United States of AmericaPolitical ideology White supremacyWhite nationalismPolitical position Far right1The 3rd Klan is decentralized, with approx. 179 chapters.Ku Klux Klan (KKK), informally known as The Klan, is the name of several past and present secret militant organizations in the United States whose avowed purpose was to protect the rights of and further the interests of white Americans by violence and intimidation. The first such organizations originated in the Southern states and eventually grew to national scope. They developed iconic white costumes consisting of robes, masks, and conical hats. The KKK has a record of using terrorism,[2] violence, and lynching to murder and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions.The first Klan was founded in 1865 by Tennessee veterans of the Confederate Army. Groups spread throughout the South. Its purpose was to restore white supremacy in the aftermath of the American Civil War. The Klan resisted Reconstruction by assaulting, murdering and intimidating freedmen and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871 the federal government passed the Force Acts, which were used to prosecute Klan crimes. Prosecution and enforcement suppressed Klan activity. In 1874 and later, however, newly organized and openly active paramilitary organizations such as the White League and Red Shirts started a fresh round of violence aimed at suppressing Republican voting and running Republicans out of office. These contributed to white Democrats regaining political power in the southern states.In 1915, the second Klan was founded. It grew rapidly in a period of postwar social tensions, where industrialization in the North attracted numerous waves of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and the Great Migration of Southern blacks and whites. In reaction, the second KKK preached racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and anti-Semitism. Some local groups took part in lynchings, attacks on private houses, and other violent activities. The Klan committed the most murders and violence in the South, which had a tradition of lawlessness.[3]The second Klan was a formal fraternal organization, with a national and state structure. At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organization included about 15% of the nation's eligible population, approximately 4–5 million men.[4] Internal divisions and external opposition brought about a sharp decline in membership, which had dropped to about 30, 000 by 1930. The Klan's popularity fell further during the Great Depression and World War II.[5]The name Ku Klux Klan has since been used by many independent groups opposing the Civil Rights Movement and desegregation, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, they often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in Birmingham, Alabama; or with governor's offices, as with George Wallace of Alabama.[6] Several members of KKK-affiliated groups were convicted of murder in the deaths of civil rights workers and children in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, and the assassination of NAACP organizer Medgar Evers, and three civil rights workers in Mississippi. Today, researchers estimate there may be more than 150 Klan chapters with 5, 000-8, 000 members nationwide. The U.S. government classifies them as hate groups, with operations in separated small local units.Contents[hide]* 1 First Klan 1865–1874o 1.1 Creationo 1.2 Activitieso 1.3 Decline and suppressiono 1.4 Resistance* 2 Disfranchisement and Great Migration* 3 Portrayal in 19th-century culture* 4 The second Klan 1915–1944o 4.1 Creationo 4.2 The Birth of a nationo 4.3 Leo Franko 4.4 Blaine Amendmentso 4.5 Prohibitiono 4.6 Memberso 4.7 Activitieso 4.8 Political influenceo 4.9 Resistance and decline* 5 Later Klans, 1950 through 1960s* 6 Since the 1970s* 7 Vocabulary* 8 See also* 9 Footnotes* 10 Bibliographyo 10.1 Further reading* 11 External linksFirst Klan 1865–1874CreationA cartoon threatening the KKK will lynch carpetbaggers, in the Independent Monitor, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1868.Six middle-class Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee, created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865, in the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War.[7] They made up the name by combining the Greek kyklos (κυκλος, circle) with clan.[8] The Ku Klux Klan was one among a number of secret, oath-bound organizations using violence, including the Southern Cross in New Orleans (1865), and the Knights of the White Camellia (1867) in Louisiana.[9]Historians generally see the KKK as part of the postwar violence related not only to the high rate of veterans in the population, but also to their effort to control the dramatically changed social situation by using extrajudicial means in order to restore white supremacy. In 1866, Mississippi Governor William L. Sharkey reported that disorder, lack of control and lawlessness were widespread; in some states armed bands of Confederate soldiers roamed at will. The Klan used public violence against blacks as intimidation. They burned houses, and attacked and killed blacks whose bodies were left on the roads.[10]More recently, historian Bob Brewer has suggested that the Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) were a precursor to the KKK.[11] Most recruits to the KGC were in Southwest, in Texas and New Mexico, however, where they formed private militias to carry out raids in actions that people hoped would extend slave territory after the Mexican War. While some sympathizers and recruits to the KGC were found during the Civil War in the states bordering the Ohio River, the organization was considered dissolved before the end of the war.A political cartoon depicting the KKK and the Democratic Party as continuations of the ConfederacyIn an 1867 meeting in Nashville, Tennessee, Klan members gathered to try to create a hierarchical organization with local chapters eventually reporting up to a national headquarters. They elected Brian A. Scates to be the Leader and President of this organization. Since most of the Klan's members were veterans, they were used to the hierarchical structure of the organization, but in fact the Klan never operated under this structure. Former Confederate Brigadier General George Gordon developed the Prescript, or Klan dogma. The Prescript suggested elements of white supremacist belief. For instance, an applicant should be asked if he was in favor of "a white man's government", "the reenfranchisement and emancipation of the white men of the South, and the restitution of the Southern people to all their rights."[12]Gordon supposedly told former slave trader and Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest in Memphis, Tennessee, about the Klan. Forrest allegedly responded, "That's a good thing; that's a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the niggers in their place."[13] A few weeks later, Forrest was selected as Grand Wizard, the Klan's national leader, though he always denied his leadership.Nathan Bedford ForrestIn an 1868 newspaper interview, Forrest stated that the Klan's primary opposition was to the Loyal Leagues, Republican state governments, people like Tennessee governor Brownlow and other carpetbaggers and scalawags. He argued that many southerners believed that blacks were voting for the Republican Party because they were being hoodwinked by the Loyal Leagues.[14] One Alabama newspaper editor declared "The League is nothing more than a nigger Ku Klux Klan."[15]Despite Gordon's and Forrest's work, local Klan units never accepted the Prescript and continued to operate autonomously. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Klan members used violence to settle old feuds and local grudges, as they worked to restore white dominance in the disrupted postwar society. Historian Elaine Frantz Parsons commented on the make up of the membership:Lifting the Klan mask revealed a chaotic multitude of antiblack vigilante groups, disgruntled poor white farmers, wartime guerrilla bands, displaced Democratic politicians, illegal whiskey distillers, coercive moral reformers, sadists, rapists, white workmen fearful of black competition, employers trying to enforce labor discipline, common thieves, neighbors with decades-old grudges, and even a few freedmen and white Republicans who allied with Democratic whites or had criminal agendas of their own. Indeed, all they had in common, besides being overwhelmingly white, southern, and Democratic, was that they called themselves, or were called, Klansmen.[16]Historian Eric Foner observed:In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired restoration of white supremacy. Its purposes were political, but political in the broadest sense, for it sought to affect power relations, both public and private, throughout Southern society. It aimed to reverse the interlocking changes sweeping over the South during Reconstruction: to destroy the Republican party's infrastructure, undermine the Reconstruction state, reestablish control of the black labor force, and restore racial subordination in every aspect of Southern life.[17]To that end they worked to curb the education, economic advancement, voting rights, and right to keep and bear arms of blacks.[17] The Ku Klux Klan soon spread into nearly every southern state, launching a "reign of terror" against Republican leaders both black and white. Those political leaders assassinated during the campaign included Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds, three members of the South Carolina legislature, and several men who served in constitutional conventions."[18]ActivitiesWikisourceWikisource has original text related to this article:Interview with Nathan Bedford ForrestKlan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers. "The kind of thing that men are afraid or ashamed to do openly, and by day, they accomplish secretly, masked, and at night." With this method both the high and the low could be attacked.[19] The Ku Klux Klan night riders "sometimes claimed to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers so, as they claimed, to frighten superstitious blacks. Few freedmen took such nonsense seriously."[20][21]The Klan attacked black members of the Loyal Leagues and intimidated southern Republicans and Freedmen's Bureau workers. When they killed black political leaders, they also took heads of families, along with the leaders of churches and community groups, because people had many roles. Agents of the Freedmen's Bureau reported weekly assaults and murders of blacks. "Armed guerilla warfare killed thousands of Negroes; political riots were staged; their causes or occasions were always obscure, their results always certain: ten to one hundred times as many Negroes were killed as whites." Masked men shot into houses and burned them, sometimes with the occupants still inside. They drove successful black farmers off their land. Generally, it Canby reported that in North and South Carolina, in 18 months ending in June 1867, there were 197 murders and 548 cases of aggravated assault.[22]Klan violence worked to suppress black voting. As the following examples indicate, over 2, 000 persons were killed, wounded and otherwise injured in Louisiana within a few weeks prior to the Presidential election of November 1868. Although St. Landry Parish had a registered Republican majority of 1, 071, after the murders, no Republicans voted in the fall elections. White Democrats cast the full vote of the parish for Grant's opponent. The KKK killed and wounded more than 200 black Republicans, hunting and chasing them through the woods. Thirteen captives were taken from jail and shot; a half-buried pile of 25 bodies was found in the woods. The KKK made people vote Democratic and gave them certificates of the fact.[23]In the April 1868 Georgia gubernatorial election, Columbia County cast 1, 222 votes for Republican Rufus Bullock. By the November presidential election, however, Klan intimidation led to suppression of the Republican vote and only one person voted for Ulysses S. Grant.[24]Klansmen killed more than 150 African Americans in a county in Florida, and hundreds more in other counties. Freedmen's Bureau records provided a detailed recounting of beatings and murders of freedmen and their white allies by Klansmen.[25]Milder encounters also occurred. In Mississippi, according to the Congressional inquiry[26]One of these teachers (Miss Allen of Illinois), whose school was at Cotton Gin Port in Monroe County, was visited ... between one and two o'clock in the morning on March 1871, by about fifty men mounted and disguised. Each man wore a long white robe and his face was covered by a loose mask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered to get up and dress which she did at once and then admitted to her room the captain and lieutenant who in addition to the usual disguise had long horns on their heads and a sort of device in front. The lieutenant had a pistol in his hand and he and the captain sat down while eight or ten men stood inside the door and the porch was full. They treated her "gentlemanly and quietly" but complained of the heavy school-tax, said she must stop teaching and go away and warned her that they never gave a second notice. She heeded the warning and left the county.Three Ku Klux Klan members arrested in Tishomingo County, Mississippi, September 1871, for the attempted murder of an entire family.WikisourceWikisource has original text related to this article:Why the Ku KluxBy 1868, two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease.[27] Members were hiding behind Klan masks and robes as a way to avoid prosecution for free-lance violence. Many influential southern Democrats feared that Klan lawlessness provided an excuse for the federal government to retain its power over the South, and they began to turn against it.[28] There were outlandish claims made, such as Georgian B. H. Hill stating "that some of these outrages were actually perpetrated by the political friends of the parties slain."[27]Decline and suppressionAlthough Forrest boasted that the Klan was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that he could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days' notice, as a secret or "invisible" group, it had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers. It was difficult for observers to judge its actual membership. It had created a sensation by the dramatic nature of its masked forays and because of its many murders.One Klan official complained that his, "so-called 'Chief'-ship was purely nominal, I having not the least authority over the reckless young country boys who were most active in 'night-riding,' whipping, etc., all of which was outside of the intent and constitution of the Klan..."[citation needed]In 1870 a federal grand jury determined that the Klan was a "terrorist organization".[29] It issued hundreds of indictments for crimes of violence and terrorism. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina.[30] Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan's costume for anonymity, to hide their identities when carrying out acts of violence. Forrest ordered the Klan to disband in 1869, stating that it was "being perverted from its original honorable and patriotic purposes, becoming injurious instead of subservient to the public peace".[31] Historian Stanley Horn writes "generally speaking, the Klan's end was more in the form of spotty, slow, and gradual disintegration than a formal and decisive disbandment".[32] A reporter in Georgia wrote in January 1870, "A true statement of the case is not that the Ku Klux are an organized band of licensed criminals, but that men who commit crimes call themselves Ku Klux".[33]Gov. William Holden of North Carolina.While people used the Klan as a mask for nonpolitical crimes, state and local governments seldom acted against them. African Americans were kept off juries. In lynching cases, all-white juries almost never indicted Ku Klux Klan members. When there was a rare indictment, juries were unlikely to vote for a conviction. In part, jury members feared reprisals from local Klansmen.Others may have agreed with lynching as a way of keeping dominance over black men. In many states, officials were reluctant to use black militia against the Klan out of fear that racial tensions would be raised.[34] When Republican Governor of North Carolina William Woods Holden called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, it added to his unpopularity. Combined with violence and fraud at the polls, the Republicans lost their majority in the state legislature. Disaffection with Holden's actions led to white Democratic legislators' impeaching Holden and removing him from office, but their reasons were numerous.[35]ResistanceUnion Army veterans in mountainous Blount County, Alabama, organized 'the anti-Ku Klux.' They put an end to violence by threatening Klansmen with reprisals unless they stopped whipping Unionists and burning black churches and schools. Armed blacks formed their own defense in Bennettsville, South Carolina and patrolled the streets to protect their homes.[36]National sentiment gathered to crack down on the Klan, even though some Democrats at the national level questioned whether the Klan really existed or believed that it was just a creation of nervous Southern Republican governors.[37] Many southern states began to pass anti-Klan legislation.In January 1871, Pennsylvania Republican Senator John Scott convened a Congressional committee which took testimony from 52 witnesses about Klan atrocities. They accumulated 12 volumes of horrifying testimony. In February, former Union General and Congressman Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts introduced the Ku Klux Klan Act. This added to the enmity that southern white Democrats bore toward him.[38] While the bill was being considered, further violence in the South swung support for its passage. The Governor of South Carolina appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. A riot and massacre in a Meridian, Mississippi, courthouse were reported, from which a black state representative escaped only by taking to the woods.[39]Benjamin Franklin Butler wrote the 1871 Klan Act.WikisourceWikisource has original text related to this article:Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed Butler's legislation. The Ku Klux Klan Act was used by the Federal government together with the 1870 Force Act to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution. Under the Klan Act, Federal troops were used for enforcement, and Klansmen were prosecuted in Federal court. More African Americans served on juries in Federal court than were selected for local or state juries, so they had a chance to participate in the process.[34] In the crackdown, hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned. In South Carolina, habeas corpus was suspended in nine counties. The Klan was destroyed in South Carolina[28] and decimated throughout the rest of the South, where it had already been in decline. Attorney General Amos Tappan Ackerman led the prosecutions.[40] By 1872, the Klan was broken as an organization.[41] In some areas, other local paramilitary organizations such as the White League, Red Shirts, saber clubs, and rifle clubs continued to intimidate and murder black voters.[42] Although destroyed, the Klan achieved many of its goals, such as suppressing suffrage for Southern blacks and driving a wedge between poor whites and blacks.Despite the suppression of the Klan, violence continued against African Americans as whites struggled for power. On Easter Sunday 1873, black citizens fought a mixed political and racial battle against white militia in Colfax, Louisiana. The ostensible cause was an election contested at both the state and local levels. Each man elected sheriff claimed the local office. When black Republicans gathered at the courthouse, white militia gathered to force them to leave. Estimates of the number of African Americans killed overnight and into the next day ranged from 105 to 280. Some bodies were hidden in the woods or thrown in the river; others were buried before state and Federal troops arrived. African-American legislator John G. Lewis remarked, "They attempted (armed self-defense) in Colfax. The result was that on Easter Sunday of 1873, when the sun went down that night, it went down on the corpses of two hundred and eighty negroes."[43] The Colfax Massacre had the highest fatalities of any incident of racial violence during Reconstruction.The following year, organized white paramilitary groups formed in the Deep South: the White League in Louisiana (its first chapter formed following the Colfax Massacre), and the Red Shirts in Mississippi, North and South Carolina. They campaigned openly to turn Republicans out of office, intimidated and killed black voters, tried to disrupt organizing and suppress black voting. They were out in force during the campaigns and elections of 1874 and 1876, contributing to the conservative Democrats' regaining power in 1876, against a background of electoral violence.Shortly after, in United States v. Cruikshank (1875), the Supreme Court ruled that the few convictions achieved after the Colfax Massacre were faulty. It ruled that the Force Act of 1870 did not give the Federal government power to regulate private actions, but only those by state governments. The result was that as the century went on, African Americans were at the mercy of hostile state governments that refused to intervene against private violence and paramilitary groups.Whereas the number of indictments across the South was large, the number of cases leading to prosecution and sentencing was relatively small. The overloaded federal courts were not able to meet the demands of trying such a tremendous number of cases, a situation that led to selective pardoning. By late 1873 and 1874, most of the charges against Klansmen were dropped although new cases continued to be prosecuted for several more years. Most of those sentenced had either served their terms or been pardoned by 1875. The Supreme Court of the United States eviscerated the Ku Klux Act in 1876 by ruling that the federal government could no longer prosecute individuals although states would be forced to comply with federal civil rights provisions. Republicans passed a second civil rights act (the Civil Rights Act of 1875) to grant equal access to public facilities and other housing accommodations regardless of race. Ironically, the Klan during this period served to further Northern reconstruction efforts, as Ku Klux violence provided the political climate needed to pass civil rights protections for blacks. Although the Ku Klux Act of 1871 dismantled the first Klan, Southern whites formed other, similar groups that kept blacks away from the polls through intimidation and physical violence. Reconstruction ended with the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes, who suspended the federal military occupation of the South; yet blacks still found themselves without the basic civil liberties that the period had sought to secure.[44]In 1882, long after the Klan was destroyed, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Harris that the Klan Act was partially unconstitutional. It ruled that Congress's power under the Fourteenth Amendment did not extend to the right to regulate against private conspiracies.[45]As 20th-century Supreme Court rulings extended federal enforcement of citizens' civil rights, the Force Act and the Klan Act were used by federal prosecutors as the basis for investigations and indictments in the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner;[46] and the 1965 murder of Viola Liuzzo.[47] They were also the basis for prosecution in 1991 in Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic.Disfranchisement and Great MigrationMain article: Disfranchisement after the Civil WarThe nadir of American race relations is often placed from the end of reconstruction to the 1910s, especially in the South. Once white Democrats regained political power in state legislatures in the 1870s, they passed bills directed at restricting voter registration by blacks and poor whites. Continued low cotton prices, agricultural depression and labor shortages in the South contributed to social tensions. According to the Tuskegee Institute, the 1890s was also the peak decade for lynchings, with most of them directed against African Americans in the South. The lynchings were a byproduct of political tensions as white Democrats tried to strip blacks from voter rolls and also sought to suppress voting. Some of the violence was directed at trying to break up interracial coalitions that came to power in state legislatures in 1894, with alliances between Populist and Republican parties.[48] In 1896 the Democrats used fraud, violence and intimidation to suppress voting by poor classes, and regained power.From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven southern states ratified new constitutions or amendments that completed the disfranchisement of most African Americans and many poor whites. The constitutions had provisions making voter registration more complicated: such as poll taxes, residency requirements, recordkeeping, and literacy tests, which were often subjectively applied. In addition, multiple ballot boxes were sometimes used in the voting booths. The result was that blacks and poor whites in most southern states were deprived of suffrage, representation at any level of government, local elected offices, and the right to serve on juries (usually restricted to voters).[49] In most of the South, sweeping disfranchisement and white one-party government lasted until African Americans' leadership and activism in the Civil Rights Movement gained passage of Federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965.Beginning in 1910 and going through 1940, tens of thousands of African Americans decided to leave the South and its violence and segregation, in a movement known as the Great Migration. They went to northern and midwestern cities for jobs, better education for their children, a chance to vote, and the hopes of living with less violence. Northern industry recruited black workers because of a shortage of labor for expanding industries: for instance, the Pennsylvania Railroad hired 12, 000 men, all but 2, 000 of them from Florida and Georgia.[50]Portrayal in 19th-century cultureThe Sherlock Holmes short story "The Five Orange Pips," by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was first published November 1891, after the demise of the first Klan and before the formation of the second. In the story, the villains are Klan members who blame the society's collapse on the uncle of Holmes' client, a former colonel in the Confederate army. The story includes an entry from "the American Encyclopaedia" that incorrectly explains the etymology of the name "Ku Klux Klan," saying it was "derived from the fanciful resemblance to the sound produced by cocking a rifle."The second Klan 1915–1944CreationMovie poster for The Birth of a NationThe second Klan rose in response to urbanization and industrialization, massive immigration from eastern and southern Europe, the Great Migration of African Americans to the North, and the migration of African Americans and whites from rural areas to Southern cities. The Klan grew most rapidly in cities which had high growth rates between 1910 and 1930, such as Detroit, Memphis, Dayton, Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston.[51]Its growth was also affected by mobilization for World War I and postwar tensions, especially in the cities where strangers came up against each other more often. Southern whites resented the arming of black soldiers. Black veterans did not want to go back to second class status.[52]This Klan modeled itself after other fraternal organizations created in the early decades of the 20th century. Organizers signed up hundreds of new members, who paid initiation fees and bought KKK costumes. The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state or national officials. When the organizer was done with an area, he organized a huge rally, often with burning crosses and perhaps presented a Bible to a local Protestant minister. He then left town with the money. The local units operated like many fraternal organizations and occasionally brought in speakers. Stanley Horn, a Southern historian sympathetic to the first Klan, was careful in an oral interview to distinguish it from the later "spurious Ku Klux organization which was in ill-repute — and, of course, had no connection whatsoever with the Klan of Reconstruction days".[53]An illustration from The Clansman: "Take dat f'um yo equal—"The accumulating social tensions that resulted from rapid change were sparked by events in 1915:* The film The Birth of a Nation was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan.* Leo Frank, a Jewish man accused of the rape and murder of a young white girl named Mary Phagan, was tried, convicted and lynched near Atlanta against a backdrop of media frenzy.* The second Ku Klux Klan was founded in Atlanta with a new anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, and anti-Semitic agenda. The bulk of the founders were from an Atlanta-area organization calling itself the Knights of Mary Phagan that had organized around the Frank trial. The new organization emulated the fictionalized version of the Klan presented in The Birth of a Nation.The Birth of a nationDirector D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation glorified the original Klan. His film was based on the book and play The Clansman and the book The Leopard's Spots, both by Thomas Dixon. Dixon said his purpose was "to revolutionize northern sentiment by a presentation of history that would transform every man in my audience into a good Democrat!" The film created a nationwide Klan craze. At the official premier in Atlanta, members of the Klan rode up and down the street in front of the theater.[54]Much of the modern Klan's iconography, including the standardized white costume and the lighted cross, are derived from the film. Its imagery was based on Dixon's romanticized concept of old Scotland, as portrayed in the novels and poetry of Sir Walter Scott. The film's influence and popularity were enhanced by a widely reported endorsement by historian and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.President WilsonThe Birth of a Nation included extensive quotations from Woodrow Wilson's History of the American People, as if to give it a stronger basis. After seeing the film in a special White House screening, Wilson allegedly said, "It is like writing history with lightning, and my only regret is that it is all so terribly true."[55] Given Wilson's views on race and the Klan, his statement was taken as supportive of the film. In later correspondence with Griffith, Wilson confirmed his enthusiasm. Wilson's remarks immediately became controversial. Wilson tried to remain aloof, but finally, on April 30, he issued a non-denial denial.[56] Historian Arthur Link quotes Wilson's aide, Joseph Tumulty: "the President was entirely unaware of the nature of the play before it was presented and at no time has expressed his approbation of it."[57]Leo FrankAnother event that influenced the Klan was sensational coverage of the trial, conviction and lynching of a Jewish factory manager from Atlanta named Leo Frank. In lurid newspaper accounts, Frank was accused of the rape and murder of Mary Phagan, a girl employed at his factory.The lynching of Leo FrankAfter a trial in Georgia in which a mob daily surrounded the courtroom, Frank was convicted. Because of the presence of the armed mob, the judge asked Frank and his counsel to stay away when the verdict was announced. Frank's appeals failed. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes dissented from other justices and condemned the mob's intimidation of the jury as the court's failing to provide due process to the defendant. After the governor commuted Frank's sentence to life imprisonment, a mob calling itself the Knights of Mary Phagan kidnapped Frank from prison and lynched him.The Frank trial was used skillfully by Georgia politician and publisher Thomas E. Watson, the editor for The Jeffersonian magazine. He was a leader in recreating the Klan and was later elected to the U.S. Senate. The new Klan was inaugurated in 1915 at a meeting led by William J. Simmons on top of Stone Mountain. A few aging members of the original Klan attended, along with members of the self-named Knights of Mary Phagan.Simmons stated that he had been inspired by the original Klan's Prescripts, written in 1867 by Confederate veteran George Gordon in an attempt to create a national organization. These were never adopted by the Klan, however.[58] The Prescript stated the Klan's purposes in idealistic terms, hiding the fact that its members committed acts of vigilante violence and murder from behind masks.Lender et al. state that the Klan's resurgence in the 1920s was aided by the temperance movement. They state that in Arkansas and elsewhere, the Klan opposed bootleggers, and in 1922, two hundred Klan members set fire to saloons in Union County. They further state that the national Klan office was finally established in Dallas, Texas, but that Little Rock, Arkansas was the home of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan. They go on to state that the first head of this auxiliary was a former president of the Arkansas WCTU.[59][verification needed]Stone Mountain, site of the founding of the second Klan in 1915.Blaine AmendmentsIn 1921, the Klan arrived in Oregon from central California and established the state's first klavern in Medford. In a state with one of the country's highest percentages of white residents, the Klan attracted up to 14, 000 members and established 58 klaverns by the end of 1922. Given the small population of non-white minorities outside Portland, the Oregon Klan directed attention almost exclusively against Catholics, who numbered about 8% of the population. In 1922, the Masonic Grand Lodge of Oregon sponsored a bill to require all school-age children to attend public schools. With support of the Klan and Democratic Governor Walter M. Pierce, endorsed by the Klan, the Compulsory Education Law was passed with a majority of votes. Its primary purpose was to shut down Catholic schools in Oregon, but it also affected other private and military schools.ProhibitionOne historian contends that the KKK’s "support for Prohibition represented the single most important bond between Klansmen throughout the nation".[60] Membership in the Klan and other prohibition groups overlapped, and they often coordinated activities. For example, Edward Young Clarke, a top leader of the Klan, raised funds for both the Klan and the Anti-Saloon League.[61] A man with his own demons, Clarke was indicted in 1923 for violations of the Mann Act.[62]MembersWilliam Joseph Simmons founded the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915.A significant characteristic of the second Klan was that it was an organization based in urban areas, reflecting the major shifts of population to cities in both the North and the South. In Michigan, for instance, 40, 000 members lived in Detroit, where they made up more than half of the state's membership. Most Klansmen were lower- to middle-class whites who were trying to protect their jobs and housing from the waves of newcomers to the industrial cities: immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who tended to be Catholic and Jewish in numbers higher than earlier groups of immigrants; and black and white migrants from the South. As new populations poured into cities, rapidly changing neighborhoods created social tensions. Because of the rapid pace of population growth in industrializing cities such as Detroit and Chicago, the Klan grew rapidly in the U.S. Midwest. The Klan also grew in booming Southern cities such as Dallas and Houston.[63]For some states, historians have obtained membership rosters of some local units and matched the names against city directory and local records to create statistical profiles of the membership. Big city newspapers were often hostile and ridiculed Klansmen as ignorant farmers. Detailed analysis from Indiana showed the rural stereotype was false for that state:Indiana's Klansmen represented a wide cross section of society: they were not disproportionately urban or rural, nor were they significantly more or less likely than other members of society to be from the working class, middle class, or professional ranks. Klansmen were Protestants, of course, but they cannot be described exclusively or even predominantly as fundamentalists. In reality, their religious affiliations mirrored the whole of white Protestant society, including those who did not belong to any church.[64]The Klan attracted people but most of them did not remain in the organization for long. Membership in the Klan turned over rapidly as people found out that it was not the group they wanted. Millions joined, and at its peak in the 1920s, the organization included about 15% of the nation's eligible population. The lessening of social tensions contributed to the Klan's decline.ActivitiesCross burning is said to have been introduced by William J. Simmons, the founder of the second Klan in 1915."The End" Referring to the end of Catholic influence in the US. Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 1926Photograph on Page 4, February 1923 edition of The Good CitizenIn reaction to social changes, the Klan adopted anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Communist and anti-immigrant slants. The social unrest of the postwar period included labor strikes in response to low wages and poor working conditions in many industrial cities, often led by immigrants, who also organized unions. Klan members worried about labor organizers and the socialist leanings of some of the immigrants, which added to the tensions. They also resented upwardly mobile ethnic Catholics.[65] At the same time, in cities Klan members were themselves working in industrial environments and often struggled with working conditions.Klan groups lynched and murdered Black soldiers returning from World War I while they were still in military uniforms. The Klan warned Blacks that they must respect the rights of the white race "in whose country they are permitted to reside".[66] The number of lynchings escalated, and from 1918 to 1927, 416 African Americans were killed, mostly in the South.[67]When two black men attempted to vote in November 1920 in Ocoee, Florida, the Klan attacked the black community. In the ensuing violence, six black residents and two whites were killed, and twenty five black homes, two churches, and a fraternal lodge were destroyed.[67]Branford Clarke illustration in The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy by Bishop Alma White published by the Pillar of Fire Church in 1925 at Zarephath, NJAlthough Klan members were concentrated in the South, Midwest and west, there were some members in New England, too. Klan members torched an African American school in Scituate, Rhode Island.[68]In the 1920s and 1930s, a violent and zealous faction of the Klan called the Black Legion was active in the Midwestern U.S..In southern cities such as Birmingham, Alabama, Klan members kept control of access to the better-paying industrial jobs but opposed unions. During the 1930s and 1940s, Klan leaders urged members to disrupt the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO), which advocated industrial unions and was open to African-American members. With access to dynamite and skills from their jobs in mining and steel, in the late 1940s some Klan members in Birmingham began using bombings to intimidate upwardly mobile blacks who moved into middle-class neighborhoods. "By mid-1949, there were so many charred house carcasses that the area [College Hills] was informally named Dynamite Hill." Independent Klan groups remained active in Birmingham and were deeply engaged in violent opposition to the Civil Rights Movement.[69]Political influenceSheet music to "We Are All Loyal Klansmen", 1923The Good Citizen July 1926 Published by Pillar of Fire ChurchBranford Clarke illustration in Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928The Klan had major political influence in several states and was influential mostly in the center of the country. The Klan spread from the South into the Midwest and Northern states, and into Canada where there was a large movement against Catholic immigrants.[70] At its peak, Klan membership exceeded four million and comprised 20% of the adult white male population in many broad geographic regions, and 40% in some areas. Most of the Klan's membership resided in Midwestern states.In another well-known example from the same year, the Klan decided to turn Anaheim, California, into a model Klan city. It secretly took over the City Council, but the city conducted a special recall election and Klan members were voted out.[71]Klan delegates played a significant role at the path-setting 1924 Democratic National Convention in New York City, often called the "Klanbake Convention". The convention initially pitted Klan-backed candidate William Gibbs McAdoo against Catholic New York Governor Al Smith. After days of stalemates and rioting, both candidates withdrew in favor of a compromise. Klan delegates defeated a Democratic Party platform plank that would have condemned their organization.In some states, such as Alabama, the KKK worked for political and social reform.[72] The state's Klansmen were among the foremost advocates of better public schools, effective prohibition enforcement, expanded road construction, and other "progressive" political measures. In many ways these reforms benefited lower class white people. By 1925, the Klan was a political force in the state, as leaders like J. Thomas Heflin, David Bibb Graves, and Hugo Black manipulated the KKK membership against the power of Black Belt planters who had long dominated the state.Black was elected senator in 1926 and later became a Supreme Court Justice. In 1926, with Klan support, a former Klan chapter head named Bibb Graves won the Alabama governor's office. He pushed for increased education funding, better public health, new highway construction, and pro-labor legislation. Because the Alabama state legislature refused to redistrict until 1972, however, even the Klan was unable to break the planters' and rural areas' hold on power.Resistance and declineDutch propaganda poster from 1944, showing a Ku Klux Klan hood and a lynching nooseMany groups and leaders, including prominent Protestant ministers such as Reinhold Niebuhr in Detroit, spoke out against the Klan. In response to blunt attacks against Jewish Americans and the Klan's campaign to illegalize private schools, the Jewish Anti-Defamation League was formed after the lynching of Leo Frank. When one civic group began to publish Klan membership lists, the number of members quickly declined. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People carried on public education campaigns in order to inform people about Klan activities and lobbied against Klan abuses in Congress. After its peak in 1925, Klan membership began to decline rapidly in most areas of the Midwest.[63]In the second wave of the Great Migration, from 1940-1970 another five million blacks left the South for northern, midwestern and western cities. Due to the buildup of its defense industries, California was a new destination for this migration, especially for those African Americans from Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. They refused to tolerate for any longer the miserable conditions and economic situation in the South.In Alabama, KKK vigilantes, thinking that they had governmental protection, launched a wave of physical terror in 1927, targeting both blacks and whites who had violated racial norms and for perceived moral lapses.[73] The state's conservative elite counterattacked. Grover C. Hall, Sr., editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, began publishing a series of editorials and articles that attacked the Klan for its "racial and religious intolerance". Hall won a Pulitzer Prize for his crusade.[74] Other newspapers kept up a steady, loud attack on the Klan, referring to the organization as violent and "un-American". Sheriffs cracked down. In the 1928 presidential election, the state voted for the Democratic candidate Al Smith, although he was Catholic. Klan membership in Alabama dropped to less than six thousand by 1930. Small independent units continued to be active in Birmingham, where in the late 1940s, members launched a reign of terror by bombing the homes of upwardly mobile African Americans. KKK activism increased as a reaction against the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. (see below.)When D.C. Stephenson, the Grand Dragon of Indiana and 22 northern states, was convicted in 1925 of the notorious rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer, the Klan declined dramatically in Indiana. Stephenson was convicted in a sensational trial. According to historian Leonard Moore, a leadership failure caused the organization's collapse:[75]Stephenson and the other salesmen and office seekers who maneuvered for control of Indiana's Invisible Empire lacked both the ability and the desire to use the political system to carry out the Klan's stated goals. They were disinterested in, or perhaps even unaware of, grass roots concerns within the movement. For them, the Klan had been nothing more than a means for gaining wealth and power. These marginal men had risen to the top of the hooded order because, until it became a political force, the Klan had never required strong, dedicated leadership. More established and experienced politicians who endorsed the Klan, or who pursued some of the interests of their Klan constituents, also accomplished little. Factionalism created one barrier, but many politicians had supported the Klan simply out of expedience. When charges of crime and corruption began to taint the movement, those concerned about their political futures had even less reason to work on the Klan's behalf.Imperial Wizard Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organization in 1939 to James Colescott, an Indiana veterinarian, and Samuel Green, an Atlanta obstetrician, but they were unable to staunch the exodus of members. In 1944, the IRS filed a lien for $685, 000 in back taxes against the Klan, and Colescott was forced to dissolve the organization in 1944.Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. in 1928.After World War II, folklorist and author Stetson Kennedy infiltrated the Klan and provided information to media and law enforcement agencies. He also provided secret code words to the writers of the Superman radio program, resulting in episodes in which Superman took on the KKK. Kennedy's intention to strip away the Klan's mystique and trivialize the Klan's rituals and code words may have contributed to the decline in Klan recruiting and membership.[76] In the 1950s, Kennedy wrote a bestselling book about his experiences, which further damaged the Klan.[77]The following table shows the change in the Klan's estimated membership over time.[78] (The years given in the table represent approximate time periods.)Year Membership1920 4,000,0001924 6,000,0001930 30,0001980 5,0002008 6,000Later Klans, 1950 through 1960sSoviet propaganda poster ("Freedom, American style") (1950, by Nikolay Dolgorukov and Boris Efimov). It shows the Ku Klux Klan lynching blacks.The name "Ku Klux Klan" began to be used by several independent groups. Beginning in the 1950s, individual Klan groups began to resist the Civil Rights Movement by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods and the houses of activists, as well as by physical violence, intimidation and assassination. In Birmingham, Alabama, during the tenure of Bull Connor, Klan groups were closely allied with the police and operated with impunity. There were so many bombings of homes by Klan groups that the city's nickname was "Bombingham". In states such as Alabama and Mississippi, Klan members forged alliances with governors' administrations.[6]Many murders went unreported and unprosecuted. Continuing disfranchisement of blacks meant that most could not serve on juries, which were all white. According to a report from the Southern Regional Council in Atlanta, the homes of forty black Southern families were bombed during 1951 and 1952. Some of the bombing victims were social activists whose work exposed them to danger, but most of them were either people who refused to bow to racist convention or were innocent bystanders, unsuspecting victims of random violence.[79]Among the more notorious murders by Klan members:* The 1951 Christmas Eve bombing of the home of NAACP activists Harry and Harriette Moore in Mims, Florida, resulting in their deaths.[80]* The 1957 murder of Willie Edwards, Jr. Klansmen forced Edwards to jump to his death from a bridge into the Alabama River.[81]* The 1963 assassination of NAACP organizer Medgar Evers in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted.* The 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, which killed four African-American girls. The perpetrators were Klan members Robert Chambliss, convicted in 1977, Thomas Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry, convicted in 2001 and 2002. The fourth suspect, Herman Cash, died before he was indicted.* The 1964 murders of three civil rights workers Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Mississippi. In June 2005, Klan member Edgar Ray Killen was convicted of manslaughter.[82]* The 1964 murder of two black teenagers, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore in Mississippi. In August 2007, based on the confession of Klansman Charles Marcus Edwards, James Ford Seale, a reputed Ku Klux Klansman, was convicted. Seale was sentenced to serve three life sentences.[83] Seale was a former Mississippi policeman and sheriff's deputy.[84]Violence at a Klan march in Mobile, Alabama, 1977* The 1965 Alabama murder of Viola Liuzzo. She was a Southern-raised Detroit mother of five who was visiting the state in order to attend a civil rights march. At the time of her murder Liuzzo was transporting Civil Rights Marchers.* The 1966 firebombing death of NAACP leader Vernon Dahmer Sr., 58, in Mississippi. In 1998 former Ku Klux Klan wizard Sam Bowers was convicted of his murder and sentenced to life. Two other Klan members were indicted with Bowers, but one died before trial, and the other's indictment was dismissed.There was also resistance to Klan violence. In a 1958 North Carolina incident, the Klan burned crosses at the homes of two Lumbee Native Americans who had associated with white people and threatened to return with more men. When they held a nighttime rally nearby, they found themselves surrounded by hundreds of armed Lumbees. Gunfire was exchanged, and the Klan was routed at what became known as the Battle of Hayes Pond.[85]When the Freedom Riders arrived in Birmingham, Alabama, the police commissioner Bull Connor gave Klan members fifteen minutes to attack the riders before sending in the police.[6] When local and state authorities failed to protect them, the federal government established more effective intervention.While the FBI had paid informants in the Klan, for instance in Birmingham, Alabama in the early 1960s, its relations with local law enforcement agencies and the Klan were often ambiguous. The head of the FBI J. Edgar Hoover, appeared more concerned about Communist links to civil rights activists than about controlling Klan excesses. In 1964, the FBI's COINTELPRO program began attempts to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights groups.[6]Since the 1970sOnce African Americans secured federal legislation to protect civil and voting rights, the Klan shifted its focus to opposing court-ordered busing to desegregate schools, affirmative action, and more open immigration. For instance, in 1971, Klansmen used bombs to destroy ten school buses in Pontiac, Michigan. Klansman David Duke was active in South Boston during the school busing crisis of 1974. Duke was leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan from 1974 until he resigned from the Klan in 1978.The Greensboro massacre occurred on November 3, 1979 in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. In the shoot-out, five marchers were killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party while staging a protest. It was the culmination of attempts by the Communist Workers Party to organize industrial workers, predominantly black, in the area.[86]Jerry Thompson, a newspaper reporter who infiltrated the Klan in 1979, reported that the FBI's COINTELPRO efforts were highly successful. Rival Klan factions accused each other's leaders of being FBI informants. Bill Wilkinson of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was revealed to have been working for the FBI.[87] During Thompson's brief membership, his truck was shot at, he was yelled at by black children, and a Klan rally he attended turned into a riot when black soldiers on an adjacent military base taunted the Klansmen. Attempts by the Klan to march were often met with counter protests and sometimes with violence.In 1980 three Ku Klux Klansmen shot four elderly black women (Viola Ellison, Lela Evans, Opal Jackson and Katherine Johnson) in Chattanooga, Tennessee following a KKK initiation rally. (A fifth woman, Fannie Crumsey, was injured by flying glass in the incident.) None of the five victims died. Attempted murder charges were filed against the three Klansmen, two of whom - Bill Church and Larry Payne - were acquitted by an all-white jury and the other of whom - Marshall Thrash - was sentenced by the same jury to nine months on lesser charges. He was released after three months.[88][89][90] In 1982 a jury awarded the five women $535,000 in a civil rights trial.[91]After Michael Donald was lynched in 1981 in Alabama, the FBI investigated his death. Two local Klansmen were convicted of having a role including Henry Hays who was sentenced to death. With the support of attorneys Morris Dees and Joseph J. Levin at the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), Michael's mother, Beulah Mae Donald, sued the Ku Klux Klan in civil court in Alabama. Her lawsuit against the United Klans of America was tried in February 1987. The all-white jury found the Klan responsible for the lynching of Michael Donald and ordered the Klan to pay $7 million USD. To pay the judgment, the Klan turned over all of its assets, including its national headquarters building in Tuscaloosa.[92]After exhausting the appeals process, Henry Hayes was executed for Donald's death in Alabama on June 6, 1997. It was the first time since 1913 that a white man had been executed in Alabama for a crime against an African American.[93] Thompson, the journalist who claimed he had infiltrated the Klan, related that Klan leaders who appeared indifferent to the threat of arrest showed great concern about a series of civil lawsuits filed by the Southern Poverty Law Center for damages in the millions of dollars. These were filed after Klansmen shot into a group of African Americans. Klansmen curtailed activities to conserve money for defense against the lawsuits. The Klan itself used lawsuits as tools. They filed a libel suit to prevent publication of a paperback edition of Thompson's book. The publisher canceled the publication.[citation needed]The present-day Ku Klux Klan is not one organization. Rather it is made up of small independent chapters across the United States.[94] The formation of independent chapters has made the KKK groups more difficult to infiltrate and researchers find it hard to estimate its numbers. KKK members have stepped up recruitment in recent years but the organization continues to grow slowly, with membership estimated at 5, 000-8, 000 across 179 chapters. These latest drives have seized upon issues such as people's anxieties about illegal immigration, urban crime and same-sex marriage. [95]The only known former member of the Klan to hold a federal office currently in the United States is Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, who said he "deeply regrets" having joined the Klan more than half a century ago, when he was about 24 years old. Byrd joined as a young man in the 1940s, recruiting 150 friends and acquaintances from his small West Virginia town. He later said he was a Klan member for about a year, but contemporary newspapers carried stories about a letter of his recommending a friend as Klaneagle in 1946.[96] In 2005, when he published a memoir and was asked again about his life, Byrd said, "I know now I was wrong. Intolerance had no place in America. I apologized a thousand times ... and I don't mind apologizing over and over again. I can't erase what happened."[96]Some of the larger KKK organizations in operation include:* Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, prevalent in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana and other areas of the Southeastern U.S.* Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan[97]* Imperial Klans of America[98]* Knights of the White Kamelia* Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, headed by national director and self-claimed pastor Thom Robb, and based in Zinc, Arkansas. It claims to be the biggest Klan organization in America today. Spokesmen refer to it as a "sixth era Klan", and it continues to be a racist group.Numerous smaller groups use the Klan name. Estimates are that about two-thirds of KKK members are concentrated in the South, with another third situated primarily in the lower Midwest.[97][99][100]On November 14, 2008, an all-white jury of seven men and seven women awarded $1.5 million in compensatory damages and $1 million in punitive damages to plaintiff Jordan Gruver, represented by the Southern Poverty Law Center against the Imperial Klans of America.[101] The ruling found that five IKA members had savagely beaten Gruver, then 16 years old, at a Kentucky county fair in July 2006.[102]Many Klan groups have formed strong alliances with other white supremacist groups like Neo-Nazis. Some Klan groups have become increasingly "Nazified" adopting the look and emblems of Nazi skinheads.[103]Although there are numerous KKK groups, the media and popular discourse generally refer to the Klan for expediency. The ACLU has provided legal support to various factions of the KKK in defense of their First Amendment rights to hold public rallies, parades, and marches, and their right to field political candidates.VocabularyMembership in the Klan is secret. Like many fraternal organizations, the Klan has signs which members can use to recognize one another. A member may use the acronym AYAK (Are you a Klansman?) in conversation to surreptitiously identify himself to another potential member. The response AKIA (A Klansman I am) completes the greeting.[104]Throughout its varied history, the Klan has coined many words[105] beginning with "KL" including:* Klabee: treasurers* Klavern: local organization* Kleagle: recruiter* Klecktoken: initiation fee* Kligrapp: secretary* Klonvocation: gathering* Kloran: ritual book* Kloreroe: delegate* Kludd: chaplainAll of the above terminology was created by William Simmons, as part of his 1915 revival of the Klan.[citation needed] The Reconstruction-era Klan used different titles; the only titles to carry over were "Wizard" for the overall leader of the Klan, "Night Hawk" for the official in charge of security, and a few others, mostly for regional officers of the organization.[citation needed]See also* History of the United States (1865–1918)* Jim Crow laws* Knights of the Golden Circle* Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan* Notable alleged Ku Klux Klan members in national politics* Silent Brotherhood* Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska* White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan* Heroes of the Fiery Cross* The Good CitizenFootnotes1. ^ The Various Shady Lives Of The Ku Klux Klan - Time2. ^ "Terrorism 2000/2001". http://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.pdf. Retrieved on March 8, 2009.3. ^ Jackson 1992 ed., pp. 241-242.4. ^ According to the 1920 census, the population of white males 18 years and older was about 31 million, but many of these men would have been ineligible for membership because they were immigrants, Jews, or Roman Catholics. Klan membership peaked at about 4-5 million in the mid-1920s. "The Ku Klux Klan, a brief biography". The African American Registry. http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2207/The_Ku_Klux_Klan_a_brief__biography.5. ^ Lay, Shawn. "Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Coker College. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2730.6. ^ a b c d McWhorter 2001.7. ^ Horn 1939, p. 9. The founders were John C. Lester, John B. Kennedy, James R. Crowe, Frank O. McCord, Richard R. Reed, and J. Calvin Jones8. ^ Horn 1939, p. 11, states that Reed proposed κύκλος (kyklos) and Kennedy added clan. Wade 1987, p. 33 says that Kennedy came up with both words, but Crowe suggested transforming κύκλος into kuklux.9. ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint, The Free Press, 1998, pp.679-68010. ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint, The Free Press, 1998, p. 671-675.11. ^ Bob Brewer Shadow of the Sentinel, p. 72, Simon & Schuster, 2003 ISBN 978-074321968612. ^ "Ku Klux Klan, Organization and Principles, 1868". State University of New York at Albany. http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gz580/his101/kkk.html.13. ^ Horn 1939. Horn casts doubt on some other aspects of the story.14. ^ Cincinnati 'Commercial', August 28, 1868, quoted in Wade 1987.15. ^ Horn 1939, p. 27.16. ^ Parsons 2005, p. 816.17. ^ a b Foner 1989, p. 425-426.18. ^ Foner 1989, p. 342.19. ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint, The Free Press, 1998, p. 677-678.20. ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, New York: Perennial Classics, 1989; reprinted 2002, p.43221. ^ A special report prepared by the Southern Poverty Law Center. "A Hundred Years of Terror". Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. http://www.iupui.edu/~aao/kkk.html.22. ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint, The Free Press, 1998, pp.674-67523. ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint, The Free Press, 1998, pp.680-68124. ^ Bryant, Jonathan M.. "Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Southern University. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-694.25. ^ The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida by Michael Newton, pp. 1-30. Newton quotes from the Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States. Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872. Among historians of the Klan, this volume is also known as "The KKK testimony".26. ^ Rhodes 1920, pp. 157–158.27. ^ a b Horn 1939, p. 375.28. ^ a b Wade 1987, p. 102.29. ^ White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction by Allen W. Trelease (Louisiana State University Press: 1995)30. ^ Trelease 1995.31. ^ quotes from Wade 1987.32. ^ Horn 1939, p. 360.33. ^ Horn 1939, p. 362.34. ^ a b Wormser, Richard. "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow — The Enforcement Acts (1870–1871)". Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_enforce.html.35. ^ Wade 1987, p. 85.36. ^ Foner 1989, p. 435.37. ^ Wade 1987.38. ^ Horn 1939, p. 373.39. ^ Wade 1987, p. 88.40. ^ Wade 1987, p. 109, writes that by ca. 1871–1874, "For many, the lapse of the enforcement acts was justified since their reason for being — the Ku-Klux Klan — had been effectively smashed as a result of the dramatic showdown in South Carolina". Klan costumes, also called "regalia", disappeared by the early 1870s (Wade 1987, p. 109). The fact that the Klan did not exist for decades was shown when Simmons's 1915 recreation of the Klan attracted only two aging "former Reconstruction Klansmen." All other members were new.(Wade 1987, p. 144).41. ^ "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: The Enforcement Acts, 1870–1871", Public Broadcast Service, accessed April 5, 200842. ^ Wade 1987, p. 109–110.43. ^ Foner 1989, p. 437, and KKK Hearings, 46th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report 693, and Taylor 1974, p. 268-270.44. ^ "Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871." Civil Rights in the United States. 2 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/45. ^ Balkin, Jack M. (2002). "History Lesson" (PDF). Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/opeds/historylesson1.pdf.46. ^ Simon, Dennis M.. "The Civil Rights Movement, 1964–1968". Southern Methodist University. http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-CivRts2.html.47. ^ "Viola Liuzzo". Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAliuzzo.htm.48. ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol.17, 2000, p.27, accessed March 10, 200849. ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol.17, 2000, pp.12–13, 27, accessed March 10, 200850. ^ Maxine D. Rogers, Larry E. Rivers, David R. Colburn, R. Tom Dye, and William W. Rogers, Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923, Florida: Dec 1993, p.2, accessed March 28, 200851. ^ Jackson 1967, p. 241.52. ^ Maxine D. Rogers, et al., Documented History of Rosewood, Florida in January 1923, op.cit., pp.4-6, accessed March 28, 200853. ^ An Interview with Stanley F. Horn - Oral History Interviews of the Forest History Society54. ^ Dray 2002.55. ^ Dray 2002, p. 198. Griffith quickly relayed the comment to the press, where it was widely reported. In subsequent correspondence, Wilson discussed Griffith's filmmaking in a positive tone, without challenging use of his statement.56. ^ Wade 1987, p. 137.57. ^ Letter from J. M. Tumulty, secretary to President Wilson, to the Boston branch of the NAACP, quoted in Link, Wilson.58. ^ The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis by Chester L Quarles, Page 219. The second Klan's constitution and preamble, reprinted in Quarles book, stated that the second Klan was indebted to the original Klan's Prescripts.59. ^ Lender et al. 1982, p. 33.60. ^ Prendergast 1987, pp. 25-52, 27.61. ^ Barr 1999, p. 370.62. ^ "A Wizard's Indictment". TIME. March 10, 1923. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,846485,00.html.63. ^ a b Jackson, 1992.64. ^ Moore 1991.65. ^ Maxine D. Rogers, et al., Documented History of Rosewood, Florida in January 1923, op.cit., p.6, accessed March 28, 200866. ^ Franklin 1992, p.14567. ^ a b Maxine D. Rogers, et al., Documented History of Rosewood, Florida in January 1923, op.cit., p.7, accessed March 28, 200868. ^ Smith, Robert L. (April 26, 1999). "In the 1920s, the Klan ruled the countryside". The Providence Journal. http://www.projo.com/specials/century/month4/426nw1.htm.69. ^ Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution, New York: Touchstone Book, 2002, p.7570. ^ Weedmark, Kevin. "When the KKK rode high across the Prairies". Moosomin World-Spectator. http://www.world-spectator.com/archives.25.html.71. ^ It's been seventy years since Anaheim booted the Klan, reprinted from the Los Angeles Times72. ^ Feldman 1999.73. ^ Rogers et al., pp. 432-433.74. ^ Rogers et al., p. 433.75. ^ Moore 1991, p.186.76. ^ von Busack, Richard. "Superman Versus the KKK". MetroActive. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/07.02.98/comics-9826.html.77. ^ Kennedy 1990.78. ^ "The Ku Klux Klan, a brief biography". The African American Registry. http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2207/The_Ku_Klux_Klan_a_brief__biography. and Lay, Shawn. "Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Coker College. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2730.79. ^ Egerton 1994, p. 562-563.80. ^ "Who Was Harry T. Moore?" — The Palm Beach Post, August 16, 199981. ^ Cox, Major W. (March 2, 1999). "Justice Still Absent in Bridge Death". Montgomery Advertiser. http://www.majorcox.com/columns/edwards1.htm.82. ^ Axtman, Kris (June 23, 2005). "Mississippi verdict greeted by a generation gap". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0623/p01s03-ussc.html.83. ^ Mitchell, Jerry. "24, 2007-seale_N.htm Seale gets 3 life terms for '64 murders". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/August 24, 2007-seale_N.htm.84. ^ "Reputed Klansman, Ex-Cop, and Sheriff's Deputy Indicted For The 1964 Murders of Two Young African-American Men in Mississippi; U.S. v. James Ford Seale". January 24, 2007. http://news.findlaw.com/usatoday/docs/crights/usseale12407ind.html. Retrieved on March 23, 2008.85. ^ Ingalls 1979; Graham, Nicholas (January 2005). "January 1958 -- The Lumbees face the Klan". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/jan2005/jan05.html.86. ^ Mark Hand (November 18, 2004). "The Greensboro Massacre". Press Action.87. ^ Thompson 1982.88. ^ The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!", by Betty A. Dobratz & Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile89. ^ Women's Appeal for Justice in Chattanooga - US Department of Justice90. ^ The Victoria Advocate: Bonds for Klan Upheld91. ^ New York Times: History Around the Nation; Jury Award to 5 Blacks Hailed as Blow to Klan92. ^ "Ku Klux Klan". Spartacus Educational, accessed April 22, 2008. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm.93. ^ "Ku Klux Klan". Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm.94. ^ About the Ku Klux Klan, Anti-Defamation League, 2002. According to the report, the KKK's estimated size then was "No more than a few thousand, organized into slightly more than 100 units."95. ^ Brad Knickerbocker (February 9, 2007). "Anti-Immigrant Sentiments Fuel Ku Klux Klan Resurgence". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0209/p02s02-ussc.html.96. ^ a b Eric Pianin, "A Senator's Shame", Washington Post, June 19, 2005, accessed August 4, 200897. ^ a b "Church of the American Knights of the KKK". Anti-Defamation League. October 22, 1999. http://www.adl.org/backgrounders/american_knights_kkk.asp.98. ^ "No. 2 Klan group on trial in Ky. teen's beating". Associated Press. November 11, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27665247/. Retrieved on November 22, 2008.99. ^ "Active U.S. Hate Groups". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp.100. ^ "About the Ku Klux Klan". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp.101. ^ "Jury awards $2.5 million to teen beaten by Klan members". CNN. November 14, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/11/14/klan.sued.verdict/index.html. Retrieved on November 18, 2008.102. ^ "Southern Poverty Law Center vs. Imperial Klans of America". Southern Poverty Law Center. July 25, 2007. http://www.splcenter.org/legal/docket/files.jsp?cdrID=69&sortID=2. Retrieved on September 18, 2007.103. ^ Ku Klux Klan - Affiliations Anti-Defamation League.104. ^ "A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos". 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Race and History: Selected Essays 1938-1988. Louisiana State University Press.* Horn, Stanley F. (1939). Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866-1871. Montclair, New Jersey: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation.* Ingalls, Robert P. (1979). Hoods: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.* Jackson, Kenneth T. (1967; 1992 edition). The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930. Oxford University Press.* Kennedy, Stetson (1990). The Klan Unmasked. University Press of Florida.* Lender, Mark E.; James K. Martin (1982). Drinking in America. New York: Free Press.* Levitt, Stephen D.; Stephen J. Dubner (2005). Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: William Morrow.* McWhorter, Diane (2001). Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster.* Moore, Leonard J. (1991). Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.* Newton, Michael; Judy Ann Newton (1991). The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia. New York & London: Garland Publishing.* Parsons, Elaine Frantz (2005). "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan". The Journal of American History 92 (3): 811–836.* Prendergast, Michael L., "A History of Alcohol Problem Prevention Efforts in the United States", written at Greenwich, Connecticut, in Holder, Harold D., Control Issues in Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Strategies for States and Communities, JAI Press, 1987.* Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. 7.Winner of the Pulitzer Prize.* Rogers, William; Robert Ward, Leah Atkins and Wayne Flynt (1994). Alabama: The History of a Deep South State. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.* Steinberg, Alfred (1962). The man from Missouri; the life and times of Harry S. Truman. New York: Putnam. OCLC 466366.* Taylor, Joe G. (1974). Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863-1877. Baton Rouge.* Thompson, Jerry (1982). My Life in the Klan. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0399126953.* Trelease, Allen W. (1995). White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press.First published in 1971 and based on massive research in primary sources, this is the most comprehensive treatment of the Klan and its relationship to post-Civil War Reconstruction. Includes narrative research on other night-riding groups. Details close link between Klan and late 19th century and early 20th century Democratic Party.* Wade, Wyn Craig (1987). The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.An unsympathetic account of both Klans, with a dedication to "my Kentucky grandmother ... a fierce and steadfast Radical Republican from the wane of Reconstruction until her death nearly a century later".Further reading* Blee, Kathleen M. (1992). Women of the Klan. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07876-4.* "White supremacist groups flourishing". The Associated Press. http://www.gainesville.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070206/WIRE/702050325/-1/news.* Nelson, Jack (1993). Terror in the Night: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-69223-2.External linksSister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ku Klux Klan* The Knights Party website* Imperial Klans of America: "Stand for Christ, Race and Nation"* Klan Tableau A film documenting William Christenberry's Klan Tableau in Washington, D.C. (Includes interview with Christenberry.)* The History of the Original Ku Klux Klan — by an anonymous author sympathetic to the original Klan.* The Southern Poverty Law Center Report* The ADL on the KKK* Proceedings of the Second Imperial Klonvocation (1924)* In 1999, South Carolina town defines the KKK as terrorist* A long interview with Stanley F. Horn, author of Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866-1871.* Full text of the Klan Act of 1871 (simplified version)* The Protestant "Kluxing" of Cañyon City, Colorado — (Cañyon City Public Library)* Ku Klux Klan leader predicts Barack Obama will be assassinated - Scotsman.com August 10, 2008.* KKK (Amarillo, Tex.) 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VIP for US National Securtity, Well Being of the United States, and Well being of the world- Bill H. R. 2977 Must be Reintroduced

October 2, 2001

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

SEC. 2. REAFFIRMATION OF POLICY ON THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN SPACE.

SEC. 3. PERMANENT BAN ON BASING OF WEAPONS IN SPACE.

SEC. 4. WORLD AGREEMENT BANNING SPACE-BASED WEAPONS.

SEC. 5. REPORT.

SEC. 6. NON SPACE-BASED WEAPONS ACTIVITIES.

SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.

Dennis Kucinich's brother died of heart and lung disease

Posted by dmiller April 09, 2008 09:30AM

EMPACT AMERICA, CONGRESS EXAMINES EMP THREAT, U.S. INTELLIGENCE SERVICES

Targets who call other targets "perps"

#590 Vicarious Trauma, Hyper Vigilance and the Spiral of Destruction I went through a period where I contacted every group that stud against torture. As I did one of the main words that kept coming u

HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVE FOR FAITH WITHOUT WORKS IN DEAD 17

JUDGE SONIA SOTOMAYOR AND DISABLILTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS

HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVE FOR FAITH WITHOUT WORKS IN DEAD 16

#587 Humans are full of ugly and horrible secrets, pride, fear, shame.....

#586 perp gang sign, tactics and law enforcement

The energy we give off

Some things about satellite surveillance

Finding freedom

#585 Another Bill Against Illegal Chip Implants passed by California, North Dakota and Wisconsin

Those responsible for torture, murder, financial crimes.. IRS TAX Form to investigate the perpetrator

Those using directed energy weapons for profit will now be looked at very close. Mind control weapons used to steal money and assets from America

#584 Pa USA's Bill against illegal chip implants

#584 Jim Guest of Mo USA bill Against Illegal Chip Implants

#583 MTV's The Hills Stars"Heidi Montag & Spencer Pratt" on The Alex Jones Show Utube

#581 We are close to the event horizon

Pastor welcomes guns in church Unloaded weapons allowed at event celebrating Second Amendment, Southern Proverty Law Center Active U.S. Hate Groups, Intelligence Report Invisible Empire

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