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We must become the FCC to monitor radiation in our region- then send the results to International criminal courts of justice and world to document
http://www.sigview.com has a utility that allows you to monitor infared, elf radiation, microwave and plasma.It can also be downloaded here:SIGVIEW_INSTALL.ZIPOutput from Sigview:U.S. President Barack Obama's National Security Advisor, James L. Jones, recently provoked his cronies and the world in Munich Germany that Kissinger is his boss. He said, "I take my daily orders from Dr. Kissinger, filtered down through General Brent Scowcroft and Sandy Berger”.
--- On Sat, 3/28/09, Mohawk Nation News wrote:From: Mohawk Nation NewsSubject: MNN Elitist Thugs try to depopulate Indigenous & People of ColorTo: ronangellwork@yahoo.comDate: Saturday, March 28, 2009, 1:48 PMELITIST THUGS KEEP TRYING TO KILL OFF INDIGENOUS & PEOPLE OF COLORMNN Mar. 27, 2009. We are told the world is overpopulated and that it must be depopulated! We are finding out it is part of the old eugenics plan to create a “super race” and get rid of those who they deem to be “useless eaters”. It’s a code for systematic killing of us and people of color, in violation of international law and norms. The serial killers making these blatant plans to carry out “mass executions” must be stopped. The economic melt down is being used as their incentive to proceed. Outright killing and bio-terrorism strategies are being perfected and practiced on us. It’s a pet project of the elite. It’s common knowledge that Prince Phillip said that after he dies, he wants to come back as a deadly virus to reduce the earth’s population by 90%.Henry Kissinger set up the old ideas that President Obama is following. [Hey, isn’t he a person of color?] Kissinger was National Security Advisor NSA and Secretary of State for Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford in the 1970's.Like King George VI and early elitist Thomas Malthus, Kissinger says that humans will eat and reproduce until there is standing room only on the planet. He thinks he should rebalance the natural world to his way. In his memoirs, "The Final Days", control over life and death is a sexual high as "Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac". We think that the megalomaniacs should not reproduce.Kissinger helped write the classified memo dated December 10, 1974 for the U.S. National Security Council called “The National Security Study Memorandum 200, Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests (NSSM200)”. President Gerald Ford adopted it as official U.S. policy in November 1975. Getting control of the world's food was one way to gain control of the people. To get food and medicines, developing countries had to agree to tough birth control programs and to drastically reduce their population. People resisted, of course. Kissinger and his cohorts decided to resort to wars.The myth of “overpopulation” is promoted, particularly against Indigenous people and people of color. We are standing in the way of their plunder of the Earth's resources and destruction of life. As Kissinger said, “The fast growing populations are prone to civil unrest”. It’s because we are hungry for life! Young Indigenous people are their highest concern because they could drive away investors!The UN adopted the “World Population Plan of Action” in 1974 to keep the global population below 8 billion. Recently it was lowered to 1.5 billion so they can enjoy the North American materialistic lifestyle of creature comforts, gross obesity and desensitization. They are unconcerned about natural cycles of life. They set a limit of two children per family. They saw that it would require "vigorous efforts" while pretending it's voluntary.Birth control devices did not slow down the birthrate of the 13 targeted countries: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey, Ethiopia, and Colombia. President Luis Lula of Brazil told a gathering attended by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown that the global financial crisis was caused by “the irrational behavior of white people with blue eyes” [news.bbc.co.uk].Kissinger's war crimes are well documented in “The Trial of Henry Kissinger” by Christopher Hitchens. Kissinger was involved in genocidal massacres of millions in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Bangladesh (Pakistan), East Timor (Indonesia), Burma (Myanmar) and Chile.Fertility is a threat worse than nuclear war. Many personal care products are being made with toxic chemicals and endocrine disrupters which affect reproductive function and fertility. Subversive fertility control technologies have been around for a long time. Among others, “Ax Body Deodorant” for young men contains endocrine disrupters that bring down their sperm count. Do we need to use these fragrances to mask the natural scent of healthy human bodies?U.S. President Barack Obama's National Security Advisor, James L. Jones, recently provoked his cronies and the world in Munich Germany that Kissinger is his boss. He said, "I take my daily orders from Dr. Kissinger, filtered down through General Brent Scowcroft and Sandy Berger”.Jones is a retired 4-Star Marine Corp General with scads of medals, including the French Legion of Honor and the Canadian Meritorious Service Cross. He was a Vietnam vet and worked in the Department of Defence until 2006. He had been active in many businesses making money out of death and destruction such as Boeing, Cross Match Technologies, a privately held biometric solutions company and Chevron Corporation. On November 28, 2007 Condoleeza Rice appointed him as a special Middle East envoy to "strengthen security for both Israelis and Palestinians”. Well, the flames of violence have been heavily fanned since then.Indigenous people are in the way everywhere in the world resisting the plunder of our territories, resources and the earth. Because of technology, we are not needed and are targeted for elimination.The pirates want to keep the loot for themselves and to death with the rest of us. Resisters are being eliminated everywhere. In Iraq and Afghanistan depleted uranium is used to sicken and kill for generations. If bombs and bullets don’t do it, chemicals and diseases will be brought in.In Onowaregeh, Turtle Island, we Ongwehone have been targeted from the beginning of the European invasion. We went through and are still going through death by killings, diseases, forced sterilization, birth control, residential school abuse and murders, theft of our children, deliberate poverty and third world living conditions to lower our birth rate and longevity. It didn’t work. So now state agents are going after our kids by rammings, jailings, assaults, “disappearing” and no economic and social opportunities for us. U.S. and Canada are joining forces to marginalize, demoralize, anger, create despair and give us no hope. Since we are marked for death, our way is to defend ourselves by surviving and until we win!Iakoha’ko:wa & MNN Staff Mohawk Nation News www.mohawknationnews.com kittoh@storm.ca katenies20@yahoo.com kahentinetha2@yahoo.com Note: At this time your financial help is urgently needed and appreciated for the lawsuit against the Canadian government for assault of Indigenous women at the Cornwall border. Please send your donations to PayPal at www.mohawknationnews.com, or by check or money order to “MNN Mohawk Nation News”, Box 991, Kahnawake [Quebec, Canada] J0L 1B0. Nia:wen thank you very much. Go to MNN “United States” category for more stories on this; New MNN Books Available now! Purchase t-shirts, mugs and more at our CafePressStore http://www.cafepress.com/mohawknews; Subscribe to MNN for breaking news updates http://.mohawknationnews.com/news/subscription.php; Sign Women Title Holders petition! http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/IroquoisNotes and SourcesKissinger and OverpopulationExcerpts from the Executive Summary of NSSM200http://www.population-security.org/11-CH3.html#1National Security Study Memorandum 200 NSSM200Kissinger and company were paranoid that "the imbalance between growing numbers and development potential most seriously risks instability, unrest, and international tensions. This group of priority countries includes some with virtually no government interest in family planning and others with active government family planning programs which require and would welcome enlarged technical and financial assistance. These countries should be given the highest priority within AID's population program in terms of resource allocations and/or leadership efforts to encourage action by other donors and organizations.""POLITICAL EFFECTS OF POPULATION FACTORS - Index19. The political consequences of current population factors in the LDCs -- rapid growth, internal migration, high percentages of young people, slow improvement in living standards, urban concentrations, and pressures for foreign migration -- are damaging to the internal stability and international relations of countries in whose advancement the U.S. is interested, thus creating political or even national security problems for the U.S. In a broader sense, there is a major risk of severe damage to world economic, political, and ecological systems and, as these systems begin to fail, to our humanitarian values [emphasis added].""29. While specific goals in this area are difficult to state, [they'd be pretty offensive to most people!] our aim should be for the world to achieve a replacement level of fertility, (a two-child family on the average), by about the year 2000... Compared to the U.N medium projection, this goal would result in 500 million fewer people in 2000 and about 3 billion fewer in 2050. Attainment of this goal will require greatly intensified population programs. A basis for developing national population growth control targets to achieve this world target is contained in the World Population Plan of Action.30. The World Population Plan of Action (adopted by consensus by 137 nations at the August 1974 U.N. World Population Conference) is not self-enforcing and will require vigorous efforts by interested countries, U.N. agencies and other international bodies to make it effective. U.S. leadership is essential...""Initiate an international cooperative strategy of national research programs on human reproduction and fertility control covering biomedical and socio-economic factors, as proposed by the U.S. Delegation at Bucharest.""34. To help assure others of our intentions we should indicate our emphasis on the right of individuals and couples to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have information, education and means to do so, and our continued interest in improving the overall general welfare." Hmm, when did Kissinger ever do that? He's wanted for war crimes!"37. There is an alternate view which holds that a growing number of experts believe that the population situation is already more serious and less amenable to solution through voluntary measures than is generally accepted. It holds that, to prevent even more widespread food shortage and other demographic catastrophes than are generally anticipated, even stronger measures are required and some fundamental, very difficult moral issues need to be addressed. These include, for example, our own consumption patterns, mandatory programs, tight control of our food resources. In view of the seriousness of these issues, explicit consideration of them should begin in the Executive Branch, the Congress and the U.N. soon. (See the end of Section I for this viewpoint.)""this new threat to U.S. and global security and the actions the many departments of our government felt were necessary in order to address this grave new threat -- a threat greater than nuclear war. "The Trial of Henry Kissinger by Christopher Hitchenshttp://www.cfr.org/publication/18515/remarks_by_national_security_adviser_jones_at_45th_munich_conference_on_security_policy.htmlhttp://www.infowars.com/nsc-advisor-jones-i-take-my-daily-orders-from-dr-kissinger/Fw: MNN Elitist Thugs try to depopulate Indigenous & People of ColorSunday, March 29, 2009 7:28 PMFrom:"Ron Angell"View contact detailsTo:"o ob" , ASKDOJ@usdoj.gov, "o ob" , usa@un.int, OTP.InformationDesk@icc-cpi.intCc:lasurg@comcast.net, rpangell@umich.edu, chris@freedomfightersforamerica.com, ASKDOJ@usdoj.gov, biblioteca@asambleaex.es, bischoefin.jepsen@nordelbien.de, bischof@ekkps.de, bischof@ekkw.de, bischof@evlks.de, bischofskanzlei-sl@nordelbien.de, caridad.dominguez@asambleaex.es, cdt@cdt.eu.int, Christoph.Kaehler@ekmd.de, civi@europarl.eu.int, constitutionalsdemocrcacy@democracy.org, dparris@lanierparking.com, editor@antiwar.com, euro-ombudsman@europarl.eu.int, eurostat-pressoffice@cec.eu.int, extremadura@unicef.es, falmohalla@asambleaex.es, fbi@service.govdelivery.com, filo@asambleaex.es, france@un.int, gabinete@asambleaex.es, geconomica@asambleaex.es, gparlamentaria@asambleaex.es, grupopp@asambleaex.es, grupopsoe@asambleaex.es, haarpmindcontrol@gmail.com, postimperialism@gmail.com, OTP.InformationDesk@icc-cpi.int, jelena.vukasinovic@icc-cpi.int, otp.informationdesk@icc-cpi.int, inquiries@un.org, tb-petitions@ohchr.org, ngochr@ohchr.org, InfoDesk@ohchr.org, baageh@un.org, hsieh@un.org, emb@panama-un.org, ddaweb@un.org, usunpublicaffairs@state.gov, usa@un.int, rusun@un.int, chinamission_un@fmprc.gov.cn, china@un.int, uk@un.int, newyorkUN@diplobel.be, belgium@un.int, congo@un.int, ghanaperm@aol.com, ghanaun2@aol.com, ghana@un.int, ptri@indonesiamission-ny.org, indonesia@un.int, italy@un.int, info.italyun@esteri.it, panama@un.int, peru@un.int, misionperu@aol.com, qsc@qatarmission.org, qatar-e@qatarmission.org, qatar@un.int, mission@newyork.mfa.sk, slovakia@un.int, southafrica@un.int, urgent-action@ohchr.org, CP@ohchr.org"Geheimes Ruland. Moskau -- Die Zombies der roten Zaren" "Secret Russia. Moscow -- The zombies of the red czars"]http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm Russian Scientist Igor Smirnov Describes Russian Psychotronic Technology ZDF German TV Documentary December 22, 1998. When Reagan asked Gorbachev to "Bring down that wall" the worst escaped to the Western world to spread Communism/Fascism. http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm China and Russia have been ahead of the USA in the torture Industry always. Remember Russia was in Afghanastan for 30 years prior to the USA. The diamond in Afghanastan are the size of softballs and when the hills were being blown diamonds were being mined by US missles and strikes. There are 6 Countries that mine the wealth of Afghanastan. Where is that going? Is the US fighting a war for Communism/Fascism? The USA has no purpose to be in the middle east other that to clear the way for Russia. It is obvious that the USA has been taken over by Russia and that the politicians need to educate themselves as to the degree of influence that is going on and the tricks playes by the Russians to comprimise politicians. They all need to THINK and get a full body MRI to disable their implants.The USA and Russia NEVER should have done joint space missions- BIg MistakeChemtrails over Fort Myers Florida March 25th, 2009http://www.carnicom.comhttp://www.exoticwarfare.org"Geheimes Ruland. Moskau -- Die Zombies der roten Zaren" "Secret Russia. Moscow -- The zombies of the red czars"]http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm Russian Scientist Igor Smirnov Describes Russian Psychotronic Technology ZDF German TV Documentary December 22, 1998. When Reagan asked Gorbachev to "Bring down that wall" the worst escaped to the Western world to spread Communism/Fascism. http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm China and Russia have been ahead of the USA in the torture Industry always. Remember Russia was in Afghanastan for 30 years prior to the USA. The diamond in Afghanastan are the size of softballs and when the hills were being blown diamonds were being mined by US missles and strikes. There are 6 Countries that mine the wealth of Afghanastan. Where is that going? Is the US fighting a war for Communism/Fascism? The USA has no purpose to be in the middle east other that to clear the way for Russia. It is obvious that the USA has been taken over by Russia and that the politicians need to educate themselves as to the degree of influence that is going on and the tricks playes by the Russians to comprimise politicians. They all need to THINK and get a full body MRI to disable their implants. The USA and Russia NEVER should have done joint space missions- BIg Mistake http://mcvictimsworld.ning.com/photo/photo/listForContributor?screenName=0kz9qz9diii3mhttp://mcvictimsworld.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2301601%3AUploadedFi38%3A11881
The link above is a conf call that provides very useful solutions to solving some of the problems of directed energy. VIP.. share this with veterans.. as it well help them free themselves from control after returning home from Iraq.. spread this far and wide- PLEASE Shielding technologies and strategies to lessen and stop directed energy. Freedom fighters for America and Manhattan Project Backstep Radio Show. I am on this show and there is a lot of thing our US Politicians need to do to protect themselves against directed energy weapons. Please listen to the entire show- 98 minutes and downloat the 38 MB file discussed very useful shielding technologies from a company that makes shielding for the medical industry. http://mcvictimsworld.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2301601%3AUploadedFi38%3A11881 the link above is a conf call that provides very useful solutions to solving some of the problems of directed energy. The US corporation that provides shielding to the private companies as well as the DoD can also shield our politicians and protect them from harm so they can make the proper decisions that represent "We the People" http://www.ramayes.com"Geheimes Ruland. Moskau -- Die Zombies der roten Zaren" "Secret Russia. Moscow -- The zombies of the red czars"]http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm Russian Scientist Igor Smirnov Describes Russian Psychotronic Technology ZDF German TV Documentary December 22, 1998. When Reagan asked Gorbachev to "Bring down that wall" the worst escaped to the Western world to spread Communism/Fascism. http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm China and Russia have been ahead of the USA in the torture Industry always. Remember Russia was in Afghanastan for 30 years prior to the USA. The diamond in Afghanastan are the size of softballs and when the hills were being blown diamonds were being mined by US missles and strikes. There are 6 Countries that mine the wealth of Afghanastan. Where is that going? Is the US fighting a war for Communism/Fascism? The USA has no purpose to be in the middle east other that to clear the way for Russia. It is obvious that the USA has been taken over by Russia and that the politicians need to educate themselves as to the degree of influence that is going on and the tricks playes by the Russians to comprimise politicians. They all need to THINK and get a full body MRI to disable their implants.The USA and Russia NEVER should have done joint space missions- BIg Mistake
Split Ring Ressonator
http://mcvictimsworld.ning.com/forum/attachment/download?id=2301601%3AUploadedFi38%3A12410Phase modulation using dual split ringresonatorsIftekhar O. Mirza*, Shouyuan Shi, and Dennis W. PratherDept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, 151 Evans Hall Newark, Delaware 19716See the attached file below with the full Descripiton of Phase Modulation using duel Split Ring-*iomirza@udel.eduhttp://www.ece.udel.edu/Abstract: In this paper, we studied phase modulation numerically usingmetamaterials such as stacked structures of dual split ring resonators(DSRRs). To demonstrate the modulation, a vertical and a planar designwere considered, where the wave vectors were parallel and perpendicular tothe proposed structures creating 70 degrees and 80 degrees of phase change,respectively. In both of the designs modulation was brought about bychanging the effective index of the structure through switching between theopen and short states of the DSRRs while maintaining high transmission.One of the attractive features of our design was the thin layers of DSRRs,where for the vertical and planar models the DSRRs layers were 5 mm and2.28 mm respectively. The numerical results obtained by simulationmatched well with the theoretical prediction.© 2009 Optical Society of AmericaOCIS codes: (160.3918) Metamaterials; (060.5060) Phase Modulation; (070.5753)Resonators.References and links1. V. G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of permittivity andpermeability, Sov. Phys USPEKHI 10, 509 (1968).2. R. A. Shelby, D.R. Smith, and S. Schultz, “Experimental verification of negative index of refraction,Science 292, 77-79, (2001).3. Z. Lu, J. A. Murakowski, C. A. Schuetz, S. Shi, G. J. Schneider, and D. W. Prather, “Three-dimensionalsubwavelength imaging by a photonic-crystal flat lens using negative refraction at microwave frequencies,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 153901(4) (2005).4. Z. Sheng and V. Varadan, “Tuning the effective properties of metamaterials by changing the susbstrate,” J.Appl. Phys. 101, 014909-1, (2007).5. D. K. Ghodgaonkar, V.V. Varadan, and V. K. Varadan, “Free-space measurement of complex permittivityand complex permeability of magnetic materials at microwave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.39, 387-394, (1990).6. K. Aydin, I. Bulu, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis and E. Ozbay, “Investigation of magneticresonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs,” New J. Phys. 7, 168 (2005).7. K. Aydin, K. Guven, N. Katsarakis, C. M. Soukoulis and E. Ozbay, “Effect of disorder on magneticresonance band gap of split-ring resonator structures,” Opt. Express 12, 5896 (2004)8. A. A. Zharov, I. V. Shadrivov, and Y.S. Kivshar, “Nonlinear properties of left handed materials,” Phys.Rev. Lett. 91, 037401 (2003)9. H. T. Chen, W. J. Padilla, J. Zide, A. Gossard, A. Taylor and R. Averitt, “Active terahertz metamaterialdevices.” Nature 444, 597-600, (2006).10. V. J. Logeeswaran, A. Stameroff, M. Islam, W. Wu, A. Bratkovsky, P. Kuekes, S. Wang and R. Williams,“Switching between positive and negative permeability by photoconductive coupling for modulation ofelectromagnetic radiation,” Appl. Phys. A 87, 209-216, (2007).O. Reynet and O. Acher, “Voltage controlled metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1198, (2004).11.12. P. He, P. Parimi, C. Vittoria, “Tunable negative refractive index metamaterial phase shifter,” Electon. Lett.43, (2007).13. A. Velez, J. Bonache, “Varactor-loaded complementary split ring resonators (VLCSRR) and theirapplication to tunable metamaterial transmission lines,” IEEE Microwave and Wirel. Compon. Lett. 18, 28-30, (2008).#106965 - $15.00 USD Received 30 Jan 2009; revised 4 Mar 2009; accepted 13 Mar 2009; published 16 Mar 2009(C) 2009 OSA 30 March 2009 / Vol. 17, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 508914. D. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis “Determination of effective permittivity andpermeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 195104-1,(2002).15. H-T. Chen, J. Ohara, A. Azad, A. Taylor, R. Averitt, D. Shrekenhamer and W. J. Padilla, “Experimentaldemonstration of frequency-agile terahertz metamaterials,” Nature Photonics 2, 295-298, (2008).16. M. K. Karkkainen and P. Ikonen, “Patch antenna with stacked split-ring resonators as artificial magneto-dielectric substrate,” Microwave Opt. Technol.Lett. 46, 554–556, (2005).17. S. Oh, L. Shafai, “Artificial magnetic conductor using split ring resonators and its applications toantennas,” Microwave Opt. Technol.Lett. 48, 329–334, (2006).18. S. Maslovski, P. Ikonen, I. kolmakov and S. Tretyakov, “Artificial magnetic materials based on the newmagnetic particle: metalsolenoid” Prog. Electromag. Res. 54, 61-81, (2005).19. N. Katsarakis, T. Koschny and M. Kafesaki, “Electric coupling to the magnetic resonance of split ringresonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2943-2945, (2004).20. J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, D. R. Smith, “Controlling Electromagnetic Fields,” Science 312, 1780-1782,(2006).21. M. Kafesaki, T. Koschny, R. Penciu, T. Gundogdu, E. Econonou and C. Soukoulis, “Left-handedMetamaterials: detailed numerical studies of the transmission properties, J. Opt. A: Pure andAppl. Opt. 7, S21-S22, (2005).22. D. Dudley, W. Duncan, J. Slaughter, “Emerging digital micromirror device (DMD) applications,” Proc.SPIE 4985, 14-25 (2003).23. K. Aydin, E. Ozbay, “Capacitor-loaded split ring resonators as tunable metamaterial components,” J. Appl.Phys. 101, 024911-5, (2007).24. N. Liu, H. Guo, L. Fu, S. Kaiser, H. Schweizer and H. Giessen, “ Three-dimensional photonicmtamaterials at optical frequencies,” Nature Materials 7, 31-37, (2008).25. C. Balanis, Antenna Theory, third edition (John Wiley & Sons, 2005), Chap. 6.26. T. Hand, S. Cummer, “Controllable magnetic metamaterial using digitally addressable split-ringresonator,” IEEE Ant. Propag. Lett. (to be published).1. IntroductionRecently metamaterials have drawn a lot of attention in the research arena [1, 2, 20]. Theability of this class of materials to respond to an electromagnetic field and bring aboutchanges in a material’s fundamental properties has opened up doors for new applications suchas flat lens, antenna miniaturization and artificial magnetic conductors to name a few [3, 16,17]. One of the advantages of these artificial materials is that they can also be tuned over afrequency range by effectively changing the substrate properties, the geometry of theresonating metamaterial structure, or by changing the external fields with non lineardielectrics [4, 6, 7, and 8]. Another effective way of tuning resonating metamaterials such asthe split ring resonators is by changing the resistance properties of the rings using capacitorsthat can be controlled by an applied voltage [11]. As these tunable structures are scalable withthe wavelength, they can be used for modulation for any desired frequency range. Inparticular, a Terahertz modulator was demonstrated where the metamaterials were grown on aconductive substrate and the amplitude of the incoming wave was modulated using electricalcontrols to change the resistivity of the metamaterial on a GaAs substrate [9, 15]. Alsorecently, another research group demonstrated phase shifting with tunable negative refractiveindex metamaterials using variable external magnetic field [12]. Similar work was also donewith negative index material by means of photoconductive coupling [10]. Complementarysplit ring resonators and their applicability in tuning frequency has also been studied [13].Although these works had been successful in bringing out the idea of frequency andamplitude modulation, little investigation has been carried out in terms of phase modulationusing metamaterials. Also a major challenge in working with metamaterials has been theinherent loss that arises from their resonating nature. To address such issues, in this paper wedemonstrated phase only modulation using tunable metamaterials, namely the DSRRs. Wemitigated the issue of material loss by employing thin resonating metamaterials operating atan off-resonant frequency to demonstrate a high degree of phase modulation with veryminimal loss. Particularly, in our paper we demonstrated phase modulation using two#106965 - $15.00 USD Received 30 Jan 2009; revised 4 Mar 2009; accepted 13 Mar 2009; published 16 Mar 2009(C) 2009 OSA 30 March 2009 / Vol. 17, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 5090different polarizations for the DSRRs: in the first configuration, the polarization of magneticfield, H, was perpendicular to the DSRRs as shown in Fig. 1 (a), whereas in the secondconfiguration, shown in Fig. 1(b), the wave vector k was perpendicular to the ring. TheDSRRs consisted of single split rings packed very closely where the adjacent rings’ split gapswere alternated in orientation. The key advantage of the DSRRs in the first configuration wasthat the rings could provide an off-resonance high permeability value when excited by themagnetic field [18]. Whereas in the second configuration the symmetric nature of thealternate rings could avoid electric coupling from the magnetic resonances that might lead tocross-polarization effects [21] when excited by the electric field .The key advantages in bothof our designs were the constituent elements which could be readily manufactured usingstandard lithography processes and simple electrical connections could be used to regulatebetween the two states of the modulation using very thin layers of DSRRs in the propagationdirection. Compared to conventional phase modulators, metamaterial-based phase modulatorsoperating in transmission mode, promise to produce enhanced phase modulation in terms ofexhibiting a high degree of phase change within a small volume. Moreover, being physicallysmall it can ensure ease of structural integration and can offer scalability with wavelength thatcan reduce design constraints while operating in different frequencies. We believe thesemodulators can be the building block for spatial light modulators in the microwave frequencyregime that can add significant advantage over conventional modulators by simplifying futureDigital Micromirror Devices (DMD) and phased array antenna design by controlling eachelement of the array or pixel electronically [22, 25].The first step in the recipe to build a tunable phase modulator was to design the DSRRsthat could provide the resonant frequency around which the phase modulation would occur.Standard numerical techniques were used to retrieve the constitutive parameters and theeffective refractive index information of the unit cell of the DSRRs for the two different statesof modulation: electrically open and closed rings [5]. The difference in the value of theeffective index for the two different states was used to calculate the phase change. We alsocalculated the change in phase using the volumetric field data obtained inside thecomputational region and explained the differences with the calculated theoretical result. Inthe following sections we will provide the details of the numerical setup, extraction of therelevant parameters to calculate the modulation and discuss the simulated results with aconclusion for improvement and our plan for experimental verification.EkEkHHTransmission plane Reflection plane Transmission planeReflection plane3.81 mm5 mmzyx15 mm15 mmy1mm(a) (b)3.63 mmzxFig. 1. (a). Configuration 1: H-field perpendicular to the DSRR. (b) Configuration 2: k vectorperpendicular to the DSRR#106965 - $15.00 USD Received 30 Jan 2009; revised 4 Mar 2009; accepted 13 Mar 2009; published 16 Mar 2009(C) 2009 OSA 30 March 2009 / Vol. 17, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 50912. Design and modelingThe DSRRs needed to be designed in such a way so that it could operate for a particularfrequency where the values of the effective permeability and permittivity of the DSRR’swould meet the following criteria: a) numerically large to create appreciable phase changethrough a change in the effective index, b) impedance matched interface, and c) minimize thepower loss. This is formalized in terms of the Figure Of Merit (FOM) = nreal / nimaginary, wherenreal and nimaginary are the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index respectively. Thegoal will be to achieve a high FOM for each state for both of the configurations.In order to meet these requirements we carried out several numerical simulation using thecommercial software HFSS to obtain an optimal design. Two different orientations of theDSRRs with respect to the wave vector were considered: case1) wave vector, k, parallel to thestructure and case 2) wave vector, k, perpendicular to the structure. The setup in Fig. 1(a),shows the unit cell analysis for the configuration 1 which will be discussed in the following.The dimensions of the DSRR were 3 mm x 3 mm with a gap and strip width of 0.33 mm. Thethickness of the metal was 0.02 mm printed on a 0.25 mm thick Duroid substrate (ε = 2.2).The unit cell of dimension 5 mm x 1 mm x 3.63 mm was placed in between the waveportswith a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary condition in the y-direction andperpendicular to the ring and a perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary condition in the z-direction and parallel to the ring. By doing so, we were able to simulate a two dimensionalperiodic structure along both y and z directions with minimal computation. A similar setupwas used in [4]. Based on this orientation, the DSRRs were excited by the magnetic fieldwhich was perpendicular to the DSRRs. The dense stack of DSRRs acted as metalsolenoidwhich helped to concentrate the magnetic flux inside the structure giving rise to a strongmagnetic resonance. Similar design was considered and discussed in [18] where it washighlighted that the main benefit of this design was that a high value of permeability could beobtained away from the resonance. The large off-resonance permeability value leads to alarge effective index at the same frequency for the DSRRs which could be exploited formaximum phase modulation. The reflection/transmission spectra results obtained from thesimulation were used to extract the effective index of the DSRR using the formulationdescribed in [4, 5].For a normally incident wave in free-space, at the air-sample boundary the scatteringparameters, namely the S11 and S21 can be related to the reflection ( Γ ) and transmission (T)coefficients [5] as:Γ = R ± R2 −1 (1)where, S 2 − S 2 +1R = 0.5 11 21 (2)S11 and S + S −Γ T = 11 21 (3) 1 − ( S11 + S21 )Γ ncomplex = nreal + nimag ,Following this, the complex refractive index can be formulated as2mπ − arg(T ) − log(| T |)nreal = and nimag = . The parameter d indicates the slabwheredk0 dk02π, where λ0 is the operationalthickness in the direction of propagation and k0 =λ0#106965 - $15.00 USD Received 30 Jan 2009; revised 4 Mar 2009; accepted 13 Mar 2009; published 16 Mar 2009(C) 2009 OSA 30 March 2009 / Vol. 17, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 5092wavelength in free space. In our studies, m was set to zero as the wavelength inside theDSRRs was larger than the slab thickness. Detailed discussion of the parameter m can befound in [4]. The extracted data are shown in Fig. 2(a), where the real and imaginary parts ofthe effective index for the open and closed cases of the DSRRs were plotted. From the graph,at 4 GHz the real part of the effective index was 5.9 for the open state DSRRs while for theclosed state the value of the real part of the effective index was 1.6. The closed state had a flatreal part response and minimal loss since the DSRRs were off-resonance within the frequencyrange of 3.5 – 4.5 GHz. The closed state for the DSRR was achieved by effectively shortingthe gaps in the DSRRs by placing a piece of metal inside the gap. Due to the large indexdifference between the two states, we chose a frequency band centered at 4 GHz for our phasemodulation application. Although, at resonance the real index was at a maximum whichwould provide the maximum phase modulation, the imaginary part which indicated the loss ofthe structure was also very high that could potentially degrade the overall performance of thedevice. In particular, the transmission data as shown in Fig. 3(a) indicated that forconfiguration 1 the transmission was -1.6 dB and -2.8 dB for the open and short caserespectively. The value of the imaginary parts for both the cases at this frequency wasnegligibly low and the difference in the real parts of the effective index was calculated as 5.9-1.6 = 4.3. The calculated FOM for the open state was 5.9/0.325 = 18.2 and for the closed statethe FOM was 1.6/0.0003 = 5.3 x 103. As expected the FOM was much higher for the closedstate because of the absence of a resonance.Freq: 4GHz
